brain and behaviour chpt 9 review
The body fluid compartments change with _______ upon severe water loss.
decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume
An excess of glucose in urine is symptomatic of
diabetes mellitus.
Injecting PYY3-36 into rats causes them to
eat less.
Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as
essential
Endotherms may show a significant departure from their average body temperatures as a consequence of
fever
One of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that
high doses of insulin initiate eating.
Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the
hypothalamus
Physiological saline is also sometimes described as
isotonic
Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called
ketones
Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the
lateral hypothalamus.
Research shows that mutations that result in defective leptin receptors (LepRa through LepRf) cause _______ both in lab animals and in humans.
morbid obesity
The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst.
osmotic
A general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is
redundancy
The brain responds to hypovolemia by triggering both thirst and hunger for
salt
In rats, lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) lead to all of the following except
self-maintenance of normal weight.
Research on the effects of leptin indicates that activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus
suppresses hunger.
The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.
type I diabetes
One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that
untreated diabetics are hungry.
The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the
ventricular system.
What percent of food energy is spent on basal metabolism?
80-90%
Which event will trigger osmotic thirst?
A salty meal
Which items are incorrectly paired?
Bulimia nervosa; significant weight loss
Which therapeutic intervention would be most appropriate for someone suffering from treatment-resistant bulimia?
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Which intervention or research findings has not been an effective weight loss strategy?
Drugs that block the visual appeal of food
Which method is not a current strategy for treating obesity?
Drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach
Which pair of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons?
Ghrelin and PYY3-36
Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose?
Glucagon
_______ refers to the active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment.
Homeostasis
Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen?
Insulin
What is the effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus?
It stimulates eating.
Which hormone monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?
Leptin
Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.
NPY
Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons?
Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
The intestinal hormones, _______ and _______, both show a rapid increase in secretion in response to eating, and have the effect of appetite suppression.
PYY3-36; GLP-1
Which statement about anorexia nervosa is true?
People with anorexia think about food a great deal.
Which statement correctly describes osmotic pressure?
The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane
Which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone?
Vasopressin
One of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be
a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive.
Long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue.
adipose
The hormone _______ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _______.
aldosterone; kidneys
The hormone _______ is generated in the kidney via a cascade of enzymatic actions in response to hypovolemia.
angiotensin II
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have opposing effects on _______ and _______.
appetite; metabolism
About 10-20% of the energy we ingest is used for _______ processes.
behavioral
