BSC2086 Final Review IRSC pt.1

What ovarian cycle changes would result if the LH surge did not occur? (Module 26.15A)

if the LH surge did not occur, the secondary oocyte would not complete meiosis I, ovulation would not occur, and the corpus albicams would not form

Consuming a meal high in salt will

result in a temporary increase in blood volume

Sperm production occurs in the

seminiferous tubules

Describe filtrate. (Module 24.4A)

similar to blood plasma without proteins

Define spermatogenesis. (Module 26.3A)

Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm using mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis.

Antidiuretic hormone does not

cause water to shift out of the ICF.

Distinguish between chemical digestion and absorption. (Module 22.5B)

chemical digestion involves the breakdown of food whereas absorption involves the movement of nutrients across the digestive epithelium into the fluid

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and

chloride, and bicarbonate.

An intestinal hormone that stimulates contraction of the gallbladder to release bile is

cholecystokinin

After food and gastric juices combine, the gastric contents are referred to as

chyme

Bile salts break lipids apart in a process called

emulsification

Trace the ductal pathway from the epididymis to the urethra. (Module 26.5C)

epididymis, ductus deferens, ampulla of ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urthera

Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. (Module 25.5C)

hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5meq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L

Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B)

A fluid shift is a rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.

A glomerulus is

A knot of capillaries within the Renal corpuscle

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

ADH

Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension?

ANP, Atrial Natriuretic peptides

Define acidemia and alkalemia. (Module 25.7A)

Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45.

Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH. (Module 25.7C)

An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.

Describe how blood enters and leaves the glomerulus. (Module 24.5B)

Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

Buffer

Describe the function of the large intestine. (Module 22.5C)

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination

Define ingestion. (Module 22.5A)

Entry of food and liquids into the digestive tract through the mouth

What effect would low FSH levels have on sperm production? (Module 26.7C)

Low FSH levels would decrease the level of testosterone which decreases sperm production

________ are the organs of milk production.

Mammary glands

The thick muscular layer of the uterus is the

Myometrium

Define oocyte. (Module 26.10A)

Oocyte is an immature female gamete.

Describe the three layers of the uterine wall. (Module 26.11B)

The endometrium is the inner, glandular layer; the myometrium is the middle, muscular layer; the perimetrium is the outer, incomplete serosal layer

How does the urethra differ between males and females? (Module 24.15C)

The male urethra is longer and also transports semen

Compare the minor and major calyces. (Module 24.3B)

The minor calyces collect urine from a single lobe and the major calyces collect from 4-5 minor calyces

Mary had most of her stomach surgically removed in an effort to overcome obesity. As a result, Mary can expect to be at risk for

Vitamin b12 deficiency

The vagina is

a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia

The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following except

absorption of monosaccharides

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the

appendix

Define emulsification. (Module 22.22A)

breakdown of lipid droplets by bile salts

Bile is stored in the

gallbladder

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins

All of the following enzymes are secreted by the pancreas except

insulin

Pancreatic exocrine cells secrete all of the following except

insulin

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

intracellular

The middle segment of the small intestine is the

jejunum

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

located partly within the pelvic cavity

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

All of the following factors are consistent with hypokalemia except

overuse of diuretics

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

The ________ is the outer lining of the uterus.

perimetrium

The principal cation in cytoplasm is

potassium

What is the function of gonads?

produce gametes and produce hormones

The enzyme pepsin digests

proteins

Does a high-fat meal raise or lower the level of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the blood? (Module 22.14C)

raise

In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways

sphincters

Follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates spermatogenesis and stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the ovary

Chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes takes place in the

stomach

Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the

uterine tube

Where does fertilization normally occur? (Module 26.8C)

uterine tube

A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the

uvula

The vulva includes all of the following except the

vagina