Building Stronger Families & Communities

In terms of alcohol abuse have the highest rates, while have the highest rates of alcohol dependence.

Whites, Native Americans

The partner who is being left usually responds with:

anger

During later adulthood, the two factors that greatly impact the single person's perspective during this time are:

economic class and health status.

Young adults who have just left home to tend to have the highest vulnerability to using and abusing alcohol:

enter the workforce.

In later life siblings tend to be closer:

especially if they are sisters.

In terms of therapy, it is important to include siblings:

even when siblings are not directly tied to the presenting problems.

The expanded family life cycle perspective argues that an effective clinical assessment must:

explore the extent to which clients manifest a sense of belonging and connection.

Within the LGBT community, those who are people of color:

face both homophobia within communities of color and racism among white LGBTs.

With respect to issues of power, privilege and oppression, family therapists have a responsibility to:

guide clients who are members of privileged groups to explore the implications of their power and privilege.

The author's expanded family life cycle perspective is focused primarily on:

how family members negotiate relationships within and across generations at each stage of the family's life within the context of broader sociocultural influences (e.g., gender, race, social class).

During their thirties, single adults often begin to feel intense pressure to marry and have children and their feelings should be considered in relationship to:

how family pressures are linked to cultural pressures.

Eating disorders often are a function of:

how popular culture sets dangerous standards of beauty and thinness

The process of coming out:

is both an individual and a relational process.

For gay, lesbian, and bisexual young adults, the process of coming out:

is correlated with higher rates of depression and suicide among those whose families are negative and rejecting.

Both men and women report the highest levels of sexual satisfaction in countries where:

men and women are considered equal.

Therapists can view divorce as an opportunity to address gender issues by encouraging:

men and women to do developmental work that was skipped in the earlier gendered socialization process.

A person who is a skillful mediator or negotiator is likely to be a:

middle child

With respect to relationships, during the period of early young adulthood:

middle income males and females are oriented toward "settling down."

The "bro" culture refers to:

middle-class white men between the ages of 18 to 26 who are embracing a prolonged adolescence and buddy substitute family that is both homophobic and anti-women.

Bowen's theory is often critiqued for the way it:

minimizes attention to broader societal forces and how these can complicate differentiation for women and members of minority groups.

For young adult women, this stage of their lives tends to be

more relationship focused for low income women than middle and upper income women

When those who are LGBT have children they must engage in a process known as "rebirth and loss" which means they must:

negotiate being their authentic selves while maintaining family ties and bonds with their children from that union and their former partners with whom they may co-parent.

The period of life when siblings tend to be the closest is:

older age

Because Kathleen elected to become a single mother through donor insemination:

she had the benefit of approaching single parenthood from a position of financial security.

The shift from the early to the later phase of young adulthood is characterized by a/an:

shift from the difficult task of definition of the self to the even more complex project of definition of a family and self-in-a-family.

A primary determinant of children's well-being is:

social class.

Gender differences between males and females are largely the result of:

societal norms and expectations.

When helping children to develop competences it is crucial to bear in mind that:

society quickly assigns roles and expectations based on gender, culture, class, and race.

The average age at which people have children tends to be younger for poor people than economically privileged people because:

the perception of limited and often bleak life options undermines an incentive to wait.

A common mistake that parents in remarried family make is:

trying to get children to resolve the ambiguities of multiple loyalties by cutting off one relationship to create clarity in another.

In highly patriarchal cultures where women are prevented from working outside of the home:

women have to rely on their sexuality for financial security.

During mixed-sex group, interactions research provides evidence that:

women often feel at a disadvantage.

After marrying, closeness to and distance from their families of origin is such that:

women tend to grow closer to theirs while men tend to grow more distant.

The interaction between sibling position and class is such that those who are most likely to be rebellious are those who are:

younger born from poor families.

SES refers to:

a way of defining a person's class location based on mathematical formulas.

Both U.S. and Irish society have high rates of alcoholism and , which reflects each society's .

abstinence; ambivalent relationship with alcohol

Gay and lesbian couples, in comparison to heterosexual couples:

benefit from lower conformity with rigid traditional gender roles.

According to the Ahrons, which of the following terms did she advocate using to accurately describe most post-divorce families:

binuclear families.

When stepfamilies form, their strength and viability depends to a large extent on:

biological parents accepting responsibility for their own children and not combating or competing with the other's parent-child attachments.

Sexual drive is formed by forces, while the willingness to feel and behave sexually is largely controlled by forces and influenced by values.

biological; psychological; cultural

Which of the following culturally congruent strategies did the chapter recommend that therapists utilize in their work with low income African American families:

conducting oral history interview and reading relevant scripture.

Parent-child triangles, especially with regard to disciplining issues, often mask:

deeper underlying marital problems.

Singlehood is especially functional when it reflects a:

resistance to prematurely marrying to manage family of origin pressures and anxiety.

Psychological studies reveal that when fathers are substantially involved in child-rearing:

sons become more empathic than when they are raised with limited male involvement.

The people with the most privilege in our society-especially those who are white and male and who have financial and social status-tend to be:

systematically unconscious of their dependence on others.

Bowen's concept of differentiation refers to:

the capacity to balance separation and connection.

Men are times more likely to kill their partners than women are.

three

Lifestyle choices and behaviors, such as how much we eat and if we smoke, tend to be influenced :

through participation in largely class-homogeneous social networks.

In the case illustration with the Long family, the therapist had the grandmother, father, and mother talk about their family history:

to highlight the extraordinary challenges the family had overcome over the generations and the creative ways their ancestors and elders had addressed their anger over injustices.

Most states have mandated reporting laws pursuant to:

child abuse and elder abuse.

Stress within the family life cycle flows:

Along both the vertical and horizontal axes

As of 2009 which of the following states have legalized gay marriage, granting full marriage equality to same-sex couples:

Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut.

Ahrons suggested there are three initial stages of the divorce process that involve the ______ of the family, followed by two stages that are defined by _ ______:

emotional disorganization, family reorganization.

When it comes to understanding a man's violent behavior in his family and women's tolerance of this, many therapists fail to think critically about the social dynamics of patriarchy, and instead they focus primarily upon :

intrapsychic issues.

The tasks and processes of later life for LGBT people often:

involve assuming the roles of mentors and elders in their families of choice, and in return receiving needed care.

Contemporary bereavement research indicates that mourning:

involves a wide variation, complexity, and diversity of styles.

Within single mother families a strong father-child relationship:

is most likely to develop if it is established from the outset.

A serious risk factor facing older adults who are alcoholics is:

isolation.

George Valliant's landmark study on men and alcoholism was remarkable because:

it tracked subjects over the course of their lifetime.

Illness tends to be most developmentally disruptive to families in the phase of development.

launching adolescents/young adults.

To identify possible areas of vulnerability to an illness, therapists should track a family's coping capabilities during times of previous crisis and illness to make note of:

legacies of resilience and historical difficulties.

Two overarching concepts to bear in mind when understanding chronic disease are:

life cycle and life structure.

Therapists working in public agencies are likely to see a disproportionate number of single parent families because:

life cycle transitions interweave with multiple life stresses which creates a stressor pileup and the need for support.

According to Wilson, the economic struggles faced by poor black men are:

linked to structural inequalities but also reflect a culture of distrust and a discourse of individualism.

The theory of self in context defines maturity by our ability to:

live in respectful relation to others and our complex and multifaceted world.

A common misconception about single-parent family forms is that they:

lower children's academic performance.

During later adulthood, the major tasks that single older adults face are:

maintaining connections and planning for the future.

From a family life cycle perspective, families with alcohol problems are heavily oriented toward:

maintaining homeostasis.

Therapists working with low income African American families are advised to:

make time to replenish their own spirits.

Increasingly, marriage has become fairer and more fulfilling for couples and their children, making marriage depend on love, flexibility, and equity. Consequently:

marriages are more fragile and optional than at any other time in history.

This chapter suggested that we need to expand our developmental lens to include later life in a more vital way and as part of doing this, it asserted that the term is unfortunate and should not be used.

post-parental

Lorraine Wright conceptualizes retirement as a transition that offers opportunities to refocus one's energies, and refers to this experience as:

preferment.

Emotional and social incompetence and disconnection lead to

prejudice, lack of empathy, the inability to direct adequate attention to the needs of others.

Many African American families and gay and lesbian families have kinship structures that:

prepare children to accept the ambiguity that is inherent when families change their structure.

With respect to gender, traditional developmental theories:

privilege qualities that are identified with maleness while devaluing qualities identified with femaleness.

During early young adulthood same-sex gangs:

provide a transition between the family of origin and the pair-bond that is the basis for the family of procreation.

A common therapeutic goal with single-parent families, especially single-mother families, focuses on helping them to:

provide structure, predictability, and family rituals during stressful times, while leaving openings for the exploration of larger themes and stages of development.

When working with low income African American families, the family life cycle framework:

provides a way of employing preventative intervention strategies that draw on African principles.

During later young adulthood males often feel pressure to assert their masculinity by:

proving they are neither a boy, a woman, or a homosexual.

Women in midlife are especially likely to be victims of:

psychological abuse in conjunction with "gaslighting."

Therapists must help families avoid a "bad divorce" by helping parents to not:

pull their children into loyalty conflicts.

In response to the high levels of stress and loss that confront poor African American families, therapists must:

realize that women in particular are oriented to care for others and sacrifice their own needs, therefore specific attention must focus on helping them care for and nurture themselves.

If clients enter therapy with the goal of enhancing their marriageability, it is recommended that therapists:

recognize that marriage is a legitimate goal but not a complete therapy goal.

Nancy Chodrow, a feminist scholar who challenged Freud's assumption that father's are very powerful forces in shaping early development, has been accused of:

reinforcing an insidious "mother blaming" trend in our male dominated culture.

To assist a family dealing with a current illness, therapists should evaluate the family system that existed and evolved in relation to a previous illness in terms of:

relationship patterns.

Sexual health is more likely to develop in families that:

talk openly and freely about sex.

During middle adulthood siblings:

tend to be more distant, especially if there was rivalry in childhood.

Early sexual maturation:

tends to be advantageous for boys.

Sexual desire and activity in later life:

tends to focus more on affection than intercourse.

If a sexually active couple remains together, most commonly after a year or two, the intensity of romantic love:

tends to recede.

There are diverse ways of learning and knowing and multiple forms of intelligence:

that remain largely unrecognized within mainstream education and traditional developmental theories, thereby disadvantaging women and minorities.

When a chronic condition reinforces preexisting family dysfunction, this usually reveals:

that there is minimal difference between the family's illness and non-illness patterns.

Society has grown more tolerate and accepting of singlehood, however, the bias toward marriage can be seen in things such as:

the 5 million dollars media campaign launched by the federal government and aimed at 18 - 30 year olds to extol the benefits of marriage.

Home-place involves multilayered, nuanced individual and family processes anchored in:

the ability to develop relationships that provide us with a solid sense of social and cultural identity.

When a serious and debilitating illness impacts a family, this is similar to:

the addition of a new, special needs family member.

In later-life remarried families, the major factor in three-generational adjustment to remarriage is:

the amount of acrimony or cooperation between the ex-spouses.

While single-parent families have many strengths, a common obstacle they face is:

the belief that they must function as both mother and father.

Wegsheider identified five common roles that children often assume in alcoholic families. During the launching/leaving home stage, which of these roles tends to make it hardest to leave home:

the caretaker.

Which of the following is central to the functioning of the binuclear family unit:

the co-parenting relationship

The death of a spouse in midlife is especially hard if:

the couple just finished launching their children.

Geronimus' "weathering hypothesis" is the idea that:

the cumulative impact of socioeconomic disadvantage undermines African American women's health and contributes to having children earlier in life.

Traditional child developmental schemas tend to reward:

the development of the analytic style of processing information.

Couples with children have to adjust to:

the dyad becoming a triad.

For those who are LGBT, the unique challenges of being "other" at each stage of the life cycle reflects:

the experience of marginalization and multiple oppressions.

One of the objectives of a good divorce involves:

the family remaining a family.

Mary became a single parent after she and her husband divorced and:

the family was trapped in mourning and was blocked from moving forward in a new way tailored to address the pragmatics of living in a new single parent household structure.

The case example that featured the three families and the four babies made the following point:

the social class location of each family affected the children's births and health.

The stage of life when people tend to feel the least anxiety about singlehood is during their:

the twenties.

The tendency among young African Americans to employ creative and distinctive uses of nonstandard language and attraction to nontraditional clothes, music, and hairstyles reflects:

their effort to reject the rejection they encounter on a daily basis from White American society and to exert some power over their lives.

One of the factors that underpins men's drive to exert control over women is:

their fear of the power women have through their ability to arouse a man's desire and then reject him.

One of the biggest risk factors in therapy with respect to class issues is when:

therapists are unaware of how their class experiences influence their values, beliefs and biases.

A source of class tension within families arises when:

there are class differences between family members.

African Americans have the lowest rate of marriage of all racial groups at approximately 30% and the primary reason for this is:

there are far more black women than black men who are available for marriage.

Women earn only 70 cents to the dollar that men earn for the same work unless:

they are childless, in which case they earn almost the same money.

Remarried families often struggle because of:

they are starting a new family life cycle in the midst of an already existing but dislocated family life cycle.

Single-parents in later life sometimes struggle because:

they are stymied about how to have meaning in their lives as they retire and are no longer needed by their children.

Single parent families share in common that:

they build their foundation on loss.

Single-parent family structures are not inherently dysfunctional, but they are particularly vulnerable because:

they face task overload and a lack of resources.

Women are more likely to be in abusive relationships if:

they have a more traditional gender roles attitude.

A basic model for couple relationship is derived from the relationships each spouse had with their siblings who constitute their earliest and closest peers. Generally speaking couples tend to be most stable when:

they marry mates from complementary sibling positions.

When couples experience decreased sexual activity after many years of marriage:

they may be experiencing biological changes that lower desire and/or make it difficult to sustain arousal.

Weddings are often complex times because:

they signal the merger to two families and a status change for individual members

Angela's pregnancy and emergent single-parenthood was hard for her parents because she was so young. Although they stepped right in to provide support:

they were concerned that Angela's parenting involvement was ambiguous.

Within many remarried families, it is common for to develop, which greatly complicate family functioning and comprise healthy relating.

triangles

When a distressed couple comes to therapy whereby one of the partners is leaning heavily toward leaving, therapists must be careful to recognize and address the presence of:

two different but not openly stated agendas.

A major deterrent to healthy adaptation to divorce is:

unresolved grieving for losses.

At what point do siblings relationships become a choice?

upon the death of both parents

Most women who become pregnant stop using alcohol:

whether the pregnancy was planned or not.

A primary reason that many widowed women do not remarry is:

with gendered role expectations they worry they might end up taking care of another partner.

Downwardly mobility affects:

women disproportionately through divorce.

The chapter defines the core developmental tasks of this period in terms of:

work and love.

There is a tendency to recreate sibling patterns in couple relationships and the strongest combinations seem to be:

an oldest sister of brothers and a youngest brother of sisters.

Children who are subjected to corporal punishment:

are less likely to graduate from college or earn a good income as adults

Children have the best chance of developing to maturity if they:

are offered fluid and flexible gender, cultural, and class role expectations.

For couples in midlife where one partner has been an alcoholic for years, after launching their children and facing an empty nest, it is not uncommon for the non-alcoholic partner to:

ask for a divorce.

In terms of treatment, the first goal must be on achieving sobriety and once the alcoholic admits her or his addiction, therapists should encourage:

attending AA in conjunction with therapy.

In California, New Jersey, and Maryland, access to marriage is:

based on the post surgical sex of the transitioning partner (e.g., a male to female (MTF) transsexual can marry a natal male).

With traumatic deaths, intense feelings are often cut-off and:

become encoded in covert family scripts that are enacted years later with dire consequences.

The authors emphasized paying special attention to when a death occurs concurrently with a:

birth of a child.

When a family suffers the death of a child, bereavement is eased when:

both parents helped to care for the sick child before death.

LGBT is a reference to:

both sexual and gender identities.

Studies indicate that much more important than marrying is finding ways to achieve:

affiliation.

African Americans drink less than Whites, but they are more likely to suffer from:

alcohol related health problems.

Often times the leaver will do the following to provoke a crisis that moves things toward divorce:

have an affair.

Older adults are most likely to be abused if they:

have dementia

In early young adulthood, males tend to be primarily focused on:

education/work/career.

When a parent dies it may compel an individual into marriage which:

embeds residuals of unaddressed mourning into the new couple relationship.

The authors suggested that divorce and its aftermath reflects a/an:

interruption or dislocation of the traditional family life cycle.

By the age of children are able to distinguish boys and girls :

2

Low income African American families tend to experience the family life cycle in terms of the following three stages:

1) adolescence; 2) coupling and bearing/raising young children; 3) later life.

Between 1970 and 2001 the overall U.S. rate of marriage declined by , but for African Americas it fell by in this period of time.

17%,34%

Although there is a no absolute truth about when the period of young adulthood begins and ends, this chapter defines this stage of life as occurring between the ages of:

18-30

Approximately percent of American children live in poverty and this figure is even higher for children of color.

25

What percentage of African American families live in poverty compared to Whites:

25 vs 10.5

Following traumatic deaths, research indicates that most survivors are resilient and recover after an initial period of deep distress with percent suffering long term symptoms of PTSD.

5 out of 15

The relationship between poverty and single-parent families is such that are poor:

75%

Two of the earliest scholars to discuss siblings and birth order positions were:

Adler and Toman

Which cultural group is most likely to promote strong sibling bonds well beyond childhood:

African American

The pressure women are under to marry often creates conflicts about pursuing work and career, however, these pressures often are less intense for:

African American women whose families place more emphasis on preparing daughters to work and not on seeing marriage as a replacement for the need to earn money.

This chapter presented the _________________________, which is a normative, preventative framework for assessing and intervening with families facing chronic, life-threatening illness.

Family Systems Illness Model

Patterns of American family life have changed dramatically as reflected in the fact that in1850 the average size of a family household was 10, while in 2000 it was :

Less than 3

Theorists who have substantially influenced the principles underpinning the expanded family life cycle perspective include:

Maccoby, Hale-Benson and Borysenko

The expanded family life cycle perspective is heavily influenced by the work of which family therapist:

Murray Bowen

Which of the following is an example of a constant-course illness:

Spinal cord injury.

The family life cycle perspective examines symptoms and dysfunctions from a perspective:

Systemic

The patterns and prevalence of divorce rates throughout American history indicate that:

U.S. society has vacillated between liberalizing divorce laws and then tightening them.

The significance of trauma associated with the death of a young adult may be hard to recognize and mourn completely because:

a death during this stage is complicated by the developmental tasks of separation and individuation that make it hard to acknowledge the loss.

One of the most challenging remarried family scenarios consists of:

a divorced man with adolescents who marries a younger woman who does not have children.

Men often are less focused on marriage and more focused on their autonomy which reflects:

a fear of commitment that indicates a low level of differentiation.

The children of most gay and lesbians couples came as a result of:

a previous heterosexual relationship.

The text views alcoholism as:

a systemic problem that is tied to family dynamics.

When gender variant people come out to a partner usually this means:

a transition must be negotiated so the transgendered person can be accepted and the rules of the relationship can be redefined accordingly.

When therapists are working with low income African American families with teens they must:

acknowledge what is not fair while still holding youths accountable for their actions.

To effectively support single parent families, therapists need to while utilizing educational and supportive programs that allow single parents to receive help without being seen in the formal mental health services system.

adapt traditional therapy models to appropriately target needs of single parent families.

In midlife, single people must negotiate the following task:

address the "ideal family" fantasy to accept the possibility of never marrying and the probability of never having biological children.

Society skews us toward a romanticized view of the coupling process as the easiest and most joyous life transition. This idealization

adds greatly to its difficulty because the problems entailed in forming a couple are often obscured and pushed underground, only to intensify and surface later on.

With respect to corporal punishment:

all states allow parents to hit children with hairbrushes or belts as long as no serious injury occurs.

In the reorganization transition, the greatest stress tends to be created by:

ambiguity and lack of clear boundaries.

With regard to the idea that there is a biological/genetic component to alcoholism, studies show:

an alcohol metabolizing enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase seems to increases susceptibility to alcoholism.

Bowen theory indicates that healthy coupling requires each partner to be differentiated, which involves:

building their relationships based on each person's freedom to be him or herself and to appreciate the other as he or she is.

To be effective, therapy with siblings:

can be just a single session.

To counter our society's privileging of particular skills for only certain children, family therapists must:

challenge families on their distribution of chores and their role expectations.

As a multigenerational, communal event, marriage symbolizes a:

change in status among all family members and generations.

One of the primary challenges illness creates for a family system is when the demands associated with its onset/course/outcome:

clash with individual and family developmental needs.

One thing that same sex couples may struggle with, which is tied to gender role socialization, may be regulation of:

closeness and distance.

For young adults who have learning disabilities:

college provides a transition that allows for more freedom and risk-taking while still operating in an environment that provides compensatory services.

One of the most widespread and under-recognized forms of violence in the family is:

corporal punishment.

When a couple decides to have a biological child, the non-blood related parent must establish parental rights through adoption or parentage judgment, however:

courts in states like Kentucky, Nebraska, Ohio, and Wisconsin have ruled that current adoptions statutes do not permit second parent adoptions by unmarried heterosexual or same-sex couples.

When an event or occurrence produces a level of stress that exceeds what the individual and family can handle (or feels like they can handle), this produces a:

crisis

Single parent family life cycle tasks will complicate and sometimes even contradict normative developmental tasks, and accomplishing these tasks can be especially challenging without having:

culturally prescribed single parent family rituals.

The process of same-sex coupling serves all of the same tasks that are served by heterosexual coupling. However additional tasks also are served including:

declaring LGB sexuality to family of origin and friends.

Mothers who are alcoholics are more likely to manifest guilt resulting in____, while alcoholic fathers are more likely to be _____.

depression and hostility; withdrawn and irritable.

Racism and poverty interact to limit options for African American youth contributing to:

despair, depression, anxiety, rage, and a lack of optimism.

It is important for therapists to help divorcing partners to deal with their issues before addressing the issues:

developmental, emotional

There are gender differences in how divorce and remarriage affect boys and girls. Namely:

divorce appears to have more adverse effects for boys, while remarriage is more disruptive for girls.

Class-based shame tends to arise when people:

do not see the broader structural forces that contribute to their location.

factors play a primary role in why women stay with abusive partners.

economic.

In early young adulthood, middle-income females tend to prioritize:

education/career over relationships.

With respect to the coming out to their families, therapists must bear in mind that:

family attitudes about homosexuality and the intensity of members' reactivity can change a great deal over time.

When a loved one dies, families are faced with several shared adaptational challenges that require them to:

find ways to put their loss in perspective to move ahead.

Orderly separations are defined by:

firm relationship boundaries.

This chapter argued that we need an approach to understanding and treating chronic disease that:

focuses on biological and psychosocial factors.

The process of bisexual identity development:

follows a unique developmental trajectory.

Contemporary marriages in the U.S. are different from other historical periods and societies because people largely marry:

for love.

Therapists can take a preventative role in relation to chronic illness by helping families focus on:

genetic risks and assessment testing.

The case example presented at the end of the chapter illustrates a complex family who:

had many opportunities along the way for the family to fall into conflict and cut-offs.

Research has demonstrated that the societal context and historical period:

have a strong influence on individual and family development.

Spouses are more likely to project things onto each other if, in their families of origin, they:

have unresolved triangles that are dealt with through cutoff.

The black community has the lowest marriage rates of all racial and ethnic groups, which is partly due to the fact that:

high rates of incarceration among black men decrease the pool of available men.

A central challenge that Daniel faced with respect to becoming a single-father was:

his family of origin history did not provide models of strong father involvement and his mother also did not believe men should primarily raise children.

When husbands lose interest in having sex with their wives, most likely this indicates that:

his wife may have had a recent increase in her income and status and/or he had a recent decrease in income and status.

Almost all cultures have a patriarchal orientation that encourages and affirms men's sexuality while discouraging and devaluing women's, however, in:

historical and patriarchal Chinese culture men were socialized to be concerned only with a woman's desire and satisfaction.

The plight of the elderly poor is exacerbated because:

if they also are female, they are likely to have to care for others in spite of their age and health status.

The model presented in this chapter emphasized the importance of looking at chronic disease from a developmental perspective in terms of three dimensions, which are:

illness, individual, and family development.

When children experience the death of a family member it is important to:

include children in the shared experience of loss.

When remarried families come to therapy and the presenting problem focuses on a child, the authors strongly recommend that therapists:

include the ex-spouse in the therapy process.

Which of the following tends to be treated as an invisible loss:

infertility.

When life cycle transitions occur along the horizontal axis, a family will experience high levels of stress associated with the transition if:

intergenerational patterns and themes in the family system reflect high levels of stress and anxiety.

The authors critique Erikson's psychosocial theory of development by explaining issues that arise between the age of 2 and 20, however, the theory makes almost no reference to:

interpersonal issues.

Women are more prone than men to develop symptoms during life cycle transitions because:

of the challenges associated with trying to balance their pivotal role in the family while striving to maintain concurrent functions outside the family.

The timing of the decision to marry:

often converges with another major life cycle transition(s) within families.

Children who are raised in single parent families:

often have to assume adult-like responsibilities earlier than children in two-parent families, especially if they have younger siblings.

During later young adulthood, parents and families:

often have young adult children returning home after college because they cannot make enough money to live independently and cover for student loans.

Elder abuse most often consists of:

older people who are abused by younger family members that are caretaking them.

Only children tend to have characteristics of:

oldest and youngest children

The influence of gender and birth order is such that parents tend to place many more responsibilities on:

oldest daughters more than anyone else.

In families with a disabled child, a common phenomenon is for:

oldest sisters to be expected to be caretakers which they will do more easily if the sibling is a brother.

This chapter argued for a system of typologies that conceptualizes broad distinctions in the pattern of:

onset, course and outcome of illnesses.

Entering into the stage of single young adulthood signals a time of restructuring in the family of origin. If the family experiences conflict regarding the young adult's sexual or gender identity, often there is a high probability that the family will:

over focus on the young adult and neglect the other tasks of this stage such as renegotiating the parental or couple relationship and addressing changing roles and relationships with older family members.

The legacy of racism affects African Americans' contemporary work experiences in various ways. Which of the below themes were identified that represents the legacy of racism:

pervasive racial prejudice and discrimination.

Furstenberg's research demonstrated that teen parenthood:

plays a primary role in the intergenerational transmission of poverty.

When it comes to launching children:

poor families are more likely to have their children stay at home longer because they expect them to contribute economically.

Studies of people in midlife indicate that married men tend to have better health than single men, which probably reflects the fact that:

relationships are key to healthy living and because men are not socialized to nurture and foster relationships, single men tend to not develop strong authentic friendships to counterbalance the lack of emotional support that a spouse would otherwise provide.

Families are unique systems but one thing they share in common with other systems is:

relationships can easily become strained and lead to prolonged dysfunctions and conflict.

The chapter identified which of the following common characteristics of poor African American families:

reliance on institutional support and chronic stress.

To help family members face death and loss, therapists must:

respect their cultural traditions and spiritual orientation.

When parents and adolescents try to redefine their relationships, this often results in:

resurfacing of emotions related to unresolved issues with their parents.

The major emotional task to be accomplished during the divorce process involves:

retrieval of self from the marriage.

The biobehavioral systems that underpin adult relational sexuality are:

romantic love, attachment, and sexual drive/ desire.

Ehrenreich has developed a class typology that includes the following categories:

ruling class, professional-managerial class, working class, the underclass

Early sexual experimentation tends to be highly focused, while later sexual experiences tend to have more of a orientation.

self; relational

Families with adolescents are experiencing developmental dynamics related to which makes it hard for parents and teens to acknowledge their full pain.

separation.

Divorce is a transitional crisis that has the following overplaying stages:

separation/legal issues, emotional issues.

Stepfamilies with adolescents tend to struggle intensely and a common challenge that arises is:

sexual attraction developing between stepsiblings or stepparent and stepchild, along with adolescent difficulty in accepting the biological parent's sexuality.

A segregation between single and married people, begun in earlier years, is typically firmly in place by midlife because:

single people are generally viewed as a threat to married life.

In couple relationships where one partner has an alcohol problem, it is commonplace to find:

sober-intoxicated interaction patters and skewed boundaries.

Which of the below is not one of the four major tasks associated with immediate and long-term adaptation to loss:

stabilizing the family system to minimize further change.