Business ethics

The ____ rule explains variation in employee conduct through generalizing on the percentage of employees in any given organization who will seek to do right versus how many will be indifferent.

10-40-40-10

_____ is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men.

Adam Smith

High levels of _____ create a higher probability that firms cut corners because margins are usually low.

Competition

Over the years, scholars have developed more than 100 definitions of culture. According to the text, all have the following common elements:

Culture is shared, relatively stable, and is formed over a long period of time.

The _____ states that economic and social equalities should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least-advantaged members of society.

Difference principle

Which of the following is not one of the six "spheres of influence" to which individuals are subject when confronted with an ethical issue?

Educational attainment

____ is the ability to perceive whether a situation or decision has an ethical dimension.

Ethical awareness

Which of the following would not be considered a negative reinforcement of employee behavior?

Ignoring the behavior

The _____ includes the motivational "carrots and sticks" superiors use to influence employee behavior.

Immediate job context

____ deals with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights and performance in the workplace, and therefore is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on teleological or utilitarian ones.

Justice

The ethical decision making process in business includes all of the following except

Making ethical decisions

_____ relates to individuals' perceptions of social pressure and the harm they believe their decisions will have on others.

Moral intensity

Which is not considered a white collar crime?

Mugging someone

An individual who emphasizes others rather than himself or herself in making decisions is in which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of development?

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage)

Which of the following is not an issue that helps in business ethics evaluations and decisions?

Personal guilt

_____ believe that no one thing is intrinsically good.

Pluralists

Normative business ethics takes into account the _____ realities outside the legal realm in the form of industry standards.

Political

When a person defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, he or she is using which of Kohlberg's stages of development?

Prior rights, social contract, or utility (5th stage)

_____ justice considers the processes and activities that produce the outcome or results.

Procedural

Which of the following is the first step in the ethical decision making process?

Recognizing that an issue requires an individual or work group to make a choice that ultimately will be judged by stakeholders as right or wrong

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles and respect for individual rights?

Rule deontology

Which of the following is not considered a significant other group in the workplace?

Spouses

Through time an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives?

The relativist perspective

Which moral perspective defines ethical behavior subjectively from the unique experiences of individuals and groups?

The relativist perspective

Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

Universal ethical principles

Organizations that have ethics programs based on a _____ orientation are found to make a greater contribution than those based simply on compliance, or obeying laws and regulations.

Values

____ argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate.

Virtue ethics

Expert power usually stems from

a superior's credibility with his or her subordinates.

If management fails to identify and educate employees about ethical problem areas, ethical issues may not reach the critical

awareness level.

The _____ leader demands instantaneous obedience and focuses on punishing wrong behavior, achievement, initiative, and self-control.

coercive

The idea that people learn ethical or unethical behavior while interacting with others who are a part of their role-sets is referred to as

differential association.

The perceived relevance or importance of an ethical issue to the individual, work group, or organization is

ethical issue intensity.

The relationship between business ethics and age

is complex, although experience helps older employees make ethical decisions.

The establishment of an ethics committee within an organization

might raise ethical concerns or resolve ethical dilemmas.

Following the ethical directives of a superior relates to

obedience to authority.

Those who have influence in a work group are referred to as significant others and include

peers, managers, coworkers, and subordinates.

The exacting organizational culture is interested in

performance but has little concern for employees.

An individual who believes that an action is ethical because others within his or her company and industry regularly engage in the activity is probably a(n)

relativist.

A central problem with relativism is

that it emphasizes people's differences, not similarities.

The elements of _____ important to business transactions have been defined as trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness.

virtue