C++ ch 20, 21, 12

When working with a binary tree, a node that has more than two children:

is theoretically impossible in a correctly-developed binary tree structure

A node that has no children is known as a ________.

leaf node

Values are typically stored in a binary search tree so that a node's ________ child holds data is less than the ________ data.

left, node's

The QuickSort algorithm is used to sort ________.

lists stored in arrays or linear linked lists

In a non-linear linked list, a node can point to:

more than one other node, plus the previous node in sequence

Outside of a C++ program, a file is identified by its ________. Inside a C++ program, a file is identified by a(n) ________.

name, file stream object

In a binary tree, each node may point to ________ other nodes.

no, one, two

This data type can be used to create files and write information to them but cannot be used to read information from them.

ofstream

To set up a file to perform file I/O, you must declare:

one or more file stream objects

7. A class may have this many default constructor(s).

only one

If you do not furnish one of these, an automatic memberwise copy will be performed when one object is assigned to another object.

overloaded assignment operator

This member function writes a single character to a file.

put

The ________ algorithm uses recursion to efficiently sort a list.

quicksort

This term means non-sequentially accessing information in a file.

random access

To access files from a C++ program, you must use this directive:

#include <fstream>

How many times will the following function call itself, if the value 5 is passed as the argument? void showMessage(int n) { if (n > 0) { cout << "Good day!" << endl; showMessage(n - 1); } }

5

Binary trees may be implemented as templates, but any data types used with them must support the ________ operator.

<, >, ==

The advantage a linked list has over a vector is:

A node can be inserted into or removed from a linked list faster than from a vector

How many times will the following function call itself, if the value 5 is passed as the argument? void showMessage(int n) { if (n > 0) { cout << "Good day!" << endl; showMessage(n + 1); } }

An infinite number of times

The QuickSort algorithm was developed in 1960 by ________.

C.A.R. Hoare

The ________ marker is the character that marks the end of a file, and is automatically written when the file is closed.

End of File (EOF)

________ queues are more intuitive and easier to understand than ________ queues.

Dynamic, static

What is true about the following statement? out.open("values.dat", ios::app);

If the file already exists, its contents are preserved and all output is written to the end of the file.

Class declarations are usually stored here.

In their own header files

In order, the three-step process of using a file in a C++ program involves:

Open the file, read/write/save data, close the file

True/False: All nodes to the right of a node hold values greater than the node's value.

true

Deleting a node that has two children offers an opportunity to use:

a function that returns a pointer to a pointer, a function parameter that is a pointer to a pointer, double indirection

The following statement: stack< int, vector<int> > iStack; indicates:

a new stack of integers, implemented as a vector

All node pointers that do not point to other nodes are set to:

a null pointer

The programmer must ensure that a recursive function does not become:

an endless loop

When you dereference a pointer to a pointer, the result is:

another pointer

When a file is opened, the file stream object's "read position" is ________.

at the beginning of the file

A recursive function is designed to terminate when it reaches its ________.

base case

When a binary tree is used to facilitate a search, it is referred to as a ________.

binary search tree

When the root node points to two other nodes, the nodes are referred to as ________.

child nodes, or children

Recursion can be used to:

compute factorials, find GCD's, traverse linked lists

When objects contain pointers, it is a good idea to create an explicit ________ function.

copy constructor

A class is a(n) ________ that is defined by the programmer.

data type

ofstream, ifstream, and fstream are:

data types

Which statement opens a file in such a way that information will only be written to its end?

dataFile.open("info.dat", ios::out | ios::app);

Which of the following statements opens the file info.txt for both input and output?

dataFile.open("info.txt", ios::in | ios::out);

When a constructor function accepts no arguments, or does not have to accept arguments because of default arguments, it is called a(n) ________.

default constructor

6. Assuming that Rectangle is a class name, the statement: Rectangle *BoxPtr;

defines a Rectangle pointer variable called BoxPtr

The ________ of recursion is the number of times a recursive function calls itself.

depth

The shape of a binary tree is ________.

determined by the order in which values are inserted

The list container provided by the Standard Template Library is a template version of a ________.

doubly-linked list

Variations of the linked list are:

doubly-linked list, circular linked list

All stream objects have ________, which indicate the condition of the stream.

error state bits

True/False: A recursive function cannot call another function.

false

True/False: By default, files are opened in binary mode.

false

True/False: In a binary tree, each node must have a minimum of two children.

false

True/False: Indirect recursion means that a function calls itself n number of times, then processing of the function starts from the first call.

false

True/False: Only one file stream object can be declared per C++ program.

false

True/False: Output will be the same if you use inorder, postorder, or preorder traversals of the same binary tree.

false

True/False: The setprecision manipulator cannot be used to format data written to a file.

false

True/False: To remove a node that has children, you must first remove the children.

false

True/False: To write to a file, you use the file_write() function.

false

True/False: When data is read from a file, it is automatically stored in a variable.

false

True/False: When recursion is used on a linked list, it will always display the contents of the list in reverse order.

false

True/False: When used by itself, the ios::app flag causes the file's existing contents to be deleted if the file already exists.

false

True/False: When you store data in a variable, it is automatically saved in a file.

false

Which statement opens a file and links it to a file stream object?

file.open("c:\\filename.txt");

This data type can be used to create files, read data from them, and write data to them.

fstream

This member function reads a single character from a file.

get

This data type can be used to create files and read information from them into memory.

ifstream

Data stored here disappears once the program stops running or the computer is powered down.

in RAM

When function A calls function B, which in turn calls function A, this is known as:

indirect recursion

When the body of a member function is defined inside a class declaration, it is said to be ________.

inline

Methods of traversing a binary tree are:

inorder traversal, preorder traversal, postorder traversal

An operation that can be performed on a binary search tree is:

insertion, finding, deleting

This state bit can be tested to see if the end of an input stream is encountered.

ios::eofbit

This state bit is set when an attempted operation has failed.

ios::failbit

When used by itself, this access flag causes a file's contents to be deleted if the file already exists.

ios::out

The inorder, preorder, and postorder traversals can be accomplished using ________.

recursion

A ________ function is one that calls itself

recursive

C++ requires that a copy constructor's parameter be a(n) ________.

reference object

The first node in a binary tree list is called the ________.

root node

The ________ in a binary tree is similar to the head pointer in a linked list.

root pointer

Closing a file causes any unsaved information still held in the file buffer to be ________.

saved to the file

If a member variable is declared ________, all objects of that class have access to that variable.

static

A C++ class is similar to one of these.

structure

Binary trees can be divided into:

subtrees

The beginning of a function template is marked by a ________.

template prefix

linked list class must take care of removing the dynamically allocated nodes. This is done by ________.

the destructor function

When an application begins searching a binary tree, it starts at ________.

the root node

In a binary tree class, you usually have a pointer as a member that is set to ________.

the root of the tree

A binary tree with a height of three has:

three levels

A good reason to use the binary tree structure is:

to expedite the process of searching large sets of information

The process of stepping through the nodes of a binary tree is known as ________.

traversing

The head pointer, anchored at the top of a binary tree, is called the ________.

tree pointer

True/False: A subtree is an entire branch of a tree, from one particular node down.

true

True/False: An alternative to using the open member function is to use the file stream object declaration itself to open the file. Example: fstream DataFile("names.dat", ios::in | ios::out);

true

True/False: Any algorithm that can be coded with recursion can also be coded with an iterative structure.

true

True/False: Binary trees are commonly used to organize key values that index database records.

true

True/False: Deleting a leaf node from a binary tree is not difficult. Deleting a non-leaf node requires several steps.

true

True/False: Dereferencing a pointer to a pointer gives you another pointer.

true

True/False: File output may be formatted the same way as console screen output.

true

True/False: If a file already exists, you can open it with the flags ios::in | ios::out to preserve its contents.

true

True/False: Like a loop, a recursive function must have some method to control the number of times it repeats.

true

True/False: Recursive algorithms are less efficient than iterative algorithms.

true

True/False: The binary tree structure is called a "tree" because it resembles an upside-down tree.

true

True/False: The height of a tree describes how many levels there are in the tree.

true

True/False: The inorder method of traversing a binary tree involves traversing the node's left subtree, processing the node's data, and then traversing the node's right subtree.

true

True/False: The ios::hardfail bit is set when an unrecoverable error occurs.

true

True/False: The ios::out flag causes the file's existing contents to be deleted if the file already exists.

true

True/False: The preorder method of traversing a binary tree involves processing the node's data, traversing the node's left subtree, then traversing the node's right subtree.

true

True/False: The speed and amount of memory available to modern computers diminishes the performance impact of recursion so much that inefficiency is no longer a strong argument against it.

true

True/False: The width of a tree is the largest number of nodes in the same level.

true

True/False: When a recursive function directly calls itself, this is known as direct recursion.

true

True/False: When passing a file stream object to a function, you should always pass it by reference.

true

A binary tree can be created using a struct or class containing a data value and ________.

two pointers, one for the left child and one for the right child

The QuickSort algorithm works on the basis of

two sublists and a pivot

If a recursive function does not contain a base case, it ________.

uses up all available stack memory, causing the program to crash

A dynamic stack has a ________ size, and is implemented as a(n) ________.

variable, linked list

The end-of-file marker is automatically written ________.

when a file is closed

This member function can be used to store binary data to a file.

write

The recursive factorial function calculates the factorial of its parameter. Its base case is when the parameter is ________.

zero