Campbell biology chapter 40

bioenergetics

(1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.

4 types of animal tissue

1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Nervous tissue 4. Muscle tissue

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

Fibrous connective tissue

A dense tissue with large numbers of collagenous fibers organized into parallel bundles. This is the dominant tissue in tendons and ligaments.

positive feedback

A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.

elastic fibers

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue

macrophages

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

neurons

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.

connective tissue

One of the four basic tissue types in the body (epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous). Connective tissue is a supportive tissue consisting of a relatively few cells scattered among a great deal of extracellular material (matrix), and includes adipose tissue (fat), bone, cartilage, the dermis of teh skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood.

acclimatization

Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor

collagenous fibers

Strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that contain the protein collagen

Standard metabolic rate

The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and nonstressed ectotherm.

loose connective tissue

The most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body. It binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing material, holding organs in place.

Muscle tissue

Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses. Three types skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

epithelia

Tissues that cover the internal and external surfaces of the body, the cells of which are held together with specialized structures such as tight junctions.

adipose tissue

a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy

negative feedback

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

torpor

a state of motor and mental inactivity with a partial suspension of sensibility

acclimatization

adaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment)

regulator

an animal for which mechanisms of homeostasis moderate internal changes in the face of external fluctuations

circulatory fluid

blood or hemolymph

Glia

cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections, and modify neuronal functioning

Hormones

chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another

fibroblasts

connective tissue cells that produce fibrous components of extracellular matrix like collagen and elastin

tissues

groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism

Reticular fibers

join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

interstitial fluid

liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body

homeostasis

metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes

integumentary system

organ system that includes hair, skin, and nails and protects the body from pathogens and maintains homeostasis

conformer

organisms that do not regulate their internal conditions; they change as their external environment changes

bone

rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates

cartilage

strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

set point

tells what a particular value should be

metabolic rate

the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

circadian rythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rythms (for example, of tempeture and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle.

conduction

the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching

thermoregulation

the maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.

countercurrent exchange

the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.

Hibernation

the torpid or resting state in which some animals pass the winter

convection

the transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas.

basal metabolic rate

when the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration