Campbell Biology Chapter 51

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to the example in the following question. A. operant conditioning B. agonistic behavior C innate behavior D. imprinting E. altruistic behavior Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to receive a food reward. A B C D E

A

Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause? A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is increasing slightly each day. A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position. A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator. A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition. A cockroach runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on.

A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is increasing slightly each day.

Animal communication involves what type of sensory input? auditory visual tactile olfactory All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

The fru gene in fruit flies is a master regulatory gene that directs expression of many other genes. controls sex-specific development in the fruit fly. programs males for appropriate courtship behaviors. can be genetically manipulated in females so that they will perform male sex behaviors. All of the options are correct.

All of the options are correct.

Which of the following might affect the foraging behavior of an animal in the context of optimal foraging? risk of predation prey defenses prey density prey size All of the options are correct.

All of the options are correct.

Animals use pheromones to communicate gender recognition. danger. species recognition. reproductive readiness. All options are correct.

All options are correct.

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection? The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because their survivability has been enhanced by virtue of his/her risky behavior. By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population. All of the options are correct.

By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation.

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to the example in the following question. A. operant conditioning B. agonistic behavior C innate behavior D. imprinting E. altruistic behavior A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast. A B C D E

C

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to the example in the following question. A. operant conditioning B. agonistic behavior C innate behavior D. imprinting E. altruistic behavior A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell. A B C D E

D

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to the example in the following question. A. operant conditioning B. agonistic behavior C innate behavior D. imprinting E. altruistic behavior Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog community. A B C D E

E

If a bee could hear, its highly programmed brain would be overwhelmed with information. Hearing may not contribute much to a bee's reproductive success. This is an example of altruism. Bees are too small to have functional ears. If bees could hear, the noise of the hive would be overstimulating.

Hearing may not contribute much to a bee's reproductive success.

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats are attracted to the urine deposits. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this increased urination? The female cat learned the behavior from observing other cats. It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle. Female cats that did this in the past attracted more males. It announces to the males that she is in heat. All of the options are ultimate causes of behavior.

It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle.

Which of the following is true about imprinting? It happens to many adult animals, but not to their young. It is a type of learning that does not involve innate behavior. It occurs only in birds. It may be triggered by visual or chemical stimuli. It causes behaviors that last for only a short time (the sensitive period).

It may be triggered by visual or chemical stimuli.

Imagine that you are studying the food preferences of a lizard species across its range. You have hypothesized that because these populations are fairly separate from one another, the lizards have evolved different food preferences. You discover that in the desert, the lizard seems to prefer various types of flies, whereas at higher, wetter altitudes, it prefers one type of beetle. Does this observation support your hypothesis? No. First I need to determine whether the offspring of these lizards, raised in the laboratory under the same conditions, will reflect the parental food preferences. No. This cannot be determined without first sequencing and comparing the lizards' DNA. Yes. The lizards obviously prefer different foods. Yes. Not only do the lizards prefer different foods, but there is also evidence that the foods they prefer are not necessarily the most abundant. No. First, I must determine if both groups can be trained to eat the same type of food.

No. First I need to determine whether the offspring of these lizards, raised in the laboratory under the same conditions, will reflect the parental food preferences.

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior? When the males smelled the odor, various neurons in their brains were stimulated. The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males. The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat. Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females. Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female.

Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females.

During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked why the moth lifted its wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement best describes these explanations? The first explanation is biological, whereas the second is philosophical. The first explanation is correct, but the second is incorrect. The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation. Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion. The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not.

The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation.

operant conditioning one that requires parental teaching a fixed action pattern a conditioned response not species specific

a fixed action pattern

What is the normal imprinting stimulus to a hatchling graylag goose? any human any other adult of its own species recognition of its biological mother a nearby object that is moving away an image of a model of an adult graylag goose

a nearby object that is moving away

A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to another animal of the same species is called an agonistic promoter. a sign stimulus. a pheromone. an inducer. an imprinter.

a pheromone.

In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male that elicits attack from another male is functioning as a sign stimulus. a pheromone. a search image. an imprint stimulus. a fixed action pattern.

a sign stimulus.

Which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5? a mother to her son a brother to his brother a father to his daughter a sister to her brother an uncle to his nephew

an uncle to his nephew

Animals that help other animals of the same species are always male. have excess energy reserves. are bigger and stronger than the other animals. have defective genes controlling their behavior. are usually related to the other animals.

are usually related to the other animals.

What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night? magnetic visual olfactory tactile auditory

auditory

A guinea pig loves the lettuce kept in the refrigerator and squeals each time the refrigerator door opens. What term best applies to this behavior? imprinting operant conditioning sign stimulus classical conditioning cognition

classical conditioning

Every morning a graduate student turns on the light in the laboratory and then feeds the fish in the aquarium. After a couple of weeks of this routine, the graduate student notices that the fish come to the surface to feed as soon as the lights are turned on. The behavior of the fish is a result of _____. cognition classical conditioning imprinting positive phototaxis instinct

classical conditioning

Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. This is an example of cognition. maturation. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. imprinting.

classical conditioning.

Learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the same behavioral response as the original sign stimulus is called operant conditioning. cognition. concept formation. trial and error. classical conditioning.

classical conditioning.

The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by pheromones. sexuality. the nervous system. hormones. evolution.

evolution.

natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants. critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection. aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals. genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes. companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other.

genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes.

A learning process that can occur only during a limited period of the individual's development is called _____. prenatal influence imprinting conditioning instinct associative learning

imprinting

A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences is called operant conditioning. trial-and-error learning. insight. imprinting. habituation.

imprinting.

What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night? tactile olfactory electrical visual auditory

olfactory

An individual organism has the option to raise various offspring and/or genetic relatives. Which of the following options represents the greatest genetic success? eight first cousins one offspring and two nieces two offspring one offspring, one nephew, and two grandchildren one full sibling, one grandchild, and two first cousins

one offspring, one nephew, and two grandchildren

A type of bird similar to a chickadee learns to peck through the cardboard tops of milk bottles left on doorsteps to obtain the desired cream from the top. What term best applies to this behavior? classical conditioning imprinting sign stimulus cognition operant conditioning

operant conditioning

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ in that classical conditioning is much more useful for training domestic animals. classical conditioning is restricted to mammals and birds. operant conditioning usually involves more intelligence. operant conditioning involves consequences for the animal's behavior. classical conditioning takes longer.

operant conditioning involves consequences for the animal's behavior.

Feeding behavior with a high intake to expenditure ratio is called _____. scavenging optimal foraging heterotrophism agonistic behavior herbivory

optimal foraging

Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called herbivory. optimal foraging. search scavenging. autotrophy. heterotrophy.

optimal foraging.

Karl von Frisch demonstrated that European honeybees communicate the location of a distant food source by performing a short, straight run during a waggle dance. emanating minute amounts of stimulus pheromone. performing a long, straight run during a waggle dance. performing a round dance with fast rotations. varying wing vibration frequency.

performing a long, straight run during a waggle dance.

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by periods of food availability. periods of daylight and darkness. lunar cycles. magnetic fields. reproductive readiness.

periods of daylight and darkness.

The mating system in which females are more ornamented than males is monogamy. polyandry. polygyny. promiscuity. polygamy.

polyandry

You observe a large black bird with a shiny black crest engaging in courtship behavior with a little brown bird. It would be reasonable to hypothesize that this is an example of _____. mating with the wrong species polygyny monogamy polygamy polyandry

polygamy

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation? classical conditioning cognition sign stimulus operant conditioning imprinting

sign stimulus

Parental protective behavior in turkeys is triggered by the cheeping sound of young chicks. What term best applies to this behavior? sign stimulus imprinting classical conditioning cognition operant conditioning

sign stimulus

The key idea of sociobiology is that _____. human social behavior is the same as animal social behavior animal behavior and human behavior are so different they cannot be compared social behavior is an expression of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection almost all human and animal behavior is preprogrammed little behavior is inherited; most is learned in social situations

social behavior is an expression of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection

Research has shown that nocturnal animals navigate using the moon. the North Star. landmarks. gravity. olfactory cues.

the North Star.

What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions? auditory olfactory electrical visual tactile

visual

Animal communication involves what type of sensory information? tactile visual visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile auditory olfactory

visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile