Cardiovascular - Pediatrics
When creating a teaching program for the parents of Jessica who is diagnosed with pulmonic stenosis (PS), Nurse Alex would keep in mind that this disorder involves which of the following? A. A single vessel arising from both ventricles B. Obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle C. Obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle D. Return of blood to the heart without entry to the left atrium
Answer C C: Pulmonic Stenosis refers to an obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle. A: Truncus arteriosus involves a single vessel arising from both ventricles. D: Total anomalous pulmonary venous communications involve the return of blood to the heart without entry into the left atrium and obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle.
The assessment that would lead the nurse to suspect that a newborn infant has a ventricular septal defect is: a. a loud, harsh murmur with a systolic tremor. b. cyanosis when crying. c. blood pressure higher in the arms than in the legs. d. a machinery-like murmur.
Answer: A A. A loud, harsh murmur combined with a systolic thrill is characteristic of a ventricular septal defect.
The nurse explained how to position an infant with tetralogy of Fallot if the infant suddenly becomes cyanotic. The nurse can determine the father understood the instructions when he states "If the baby turns blue, I will: a. hold him against my shoulder with his knees bent up toward his chest." b. lay him down on a firm surface with his head lower than the rest of his body." c. immediately put the baby upright in an infant seat." d. put the baby in supine position with his head elevated."
Answer: A A. In the event of a paroxysmal hypercyanotic or "tet" spell, the infant should be placed in a knee-chest position.
An infant is experiencing dyspnea related to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The nurse understands dyspnea occurs because blood is: a. circulated through the lungs again, causing pulmonary circulatory congestion. b. shunted past the pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary hypoxia. c. shunted past cardiac arteries, causing myocardial hypoxia. d. circulated through the ductus from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the left side of the heart.
Answer: A A. When PDA is present, oxygenated blood recycles through the lungs, overburdening the pulmonary circulation.
1. You're providing an in-service to a group of new nurses who will be caring for patients who have Tetralogy of Fallot. Which statement below is INCORRECT concerning how the blood normally flows through the heart?* A. Unoxygenated blood enters through the superior and inferior vena cava and travels to the left atrium. B. The pulmonic valve receives blood from the right ventricle and allows blood to flow to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. C. The left atrium allows blood to flow down through the bicuspid valve (mitral) into the left ventricle. D. Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle and flows up through the aortic valve and aorta to be pumped to the rest of the body.
Answer: A A. This statement is INCORRECT. It should say: "Unoxygenated blood enters through the superior and inferior vena cava to the RIGHT (not left) atrium.
The nurse explains that which congenital cardiac defect(s) cause(s) increased pulmonary blood flow? Select all that apply. a. Atrial septal defects (ASDs) b. Tetralogy of Fallot c. Dextroposition of aorta d. Patent ductus arteriosus e. Ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
Answer: A, D, E The congenital heart defects that cause increased pulmonary blood flow are ASDs, VSDs, and patent ductus arteriosus.
A family member, who is caring for a 2-year-old with Tetralogy of Fallot, asks you why the child will periodically squat when playing with other children. Your response is:* A. "Squatting helps to increase systemic vascular resistance, which will decrease the right to left shunt that is occurring in the ventricles and this helps increase oxygen levels." B. "Squatting helps to decrease systemic vascular resistance, which will decrease the left to right shunt that is occurring in the ventricles and this helps increase oxygen levels." C. "Squatting helps to decrease systemic vascular resistance, which will increase the right to left shunt that is occurring in the ventricles and this helps increase oxygen levels." D. "Squatting helps to normalize systemic vascular resistance, which will increase the left to right shunt that is occurring in the ventricles and this helps increase oxygen levels."
Answer: A. A. Squatting is common in patient with TOF. Why? Squatting helps to increase systemic vascular resistance, which will decrease the right to left shunt that is occurring in the ventricles and this helps increase oxygen levels. AKA - The squatting position allows the child to breathe more easily because systemic venous return is increased.
An appropriate nursing action related to the administration of digoxin (Lanoxin) to an infant would be: a. counting the apical rate for 30 seconds before administering the medication. b. withholding a dose if the apical heart rate is less than 100 beats/min. c. repeating a dose if the child vomits within 30 minutes of the previous dose. d. checking respiratory rate and blood pressure before each dose.
Answer: B As a rule, if the pulse rate of an infant is below 100 beats/min, the medication is withheld and the physician is notified.
The comment made by a parent of a 1-month-old that would alert the nurse about the presence of a congenital heart defect is: a. "He is always hungry." b. "He tires out during feedings." c. "He is fussy for several hours every day." d. "He sleeps all the time."
Answer: B B. Fatigue during feeding or activity is common to most infants with congenital cardiac problems.
You are assessing the heart sounds of a patient with a severe case of Tetralogy of Fallot. You would expect to hear a __________ murmur at the _______ of the sternal border?* A. diastolic; right B. systolic; left C. diastolic; left D. systolic; right
Answer: B B. The patient will have a harsh systolic murmur due to pulmonary stenosis, which would lead you to find the murmur at the LEFT of the sternal border (the sound location of the pulmonary valve).
The Foley Family is caring for their youngest child, Justin, who is suffering from tetralogy of Fallot. Which of the following are defects associated with this congenital heart condition? A. Aorta exits from the right ventricle, pulmonary artery exits from the left ventricle, and two noncommunicating circulations B. Ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonic stenosis (PS), and right ventricular hypertrophy C. Coarctation of aorta, aortic valve stenosis, mitral valve stenosis, and patent ductus arteriosus D. Tricuspid valve atresia, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and hypoplastic right ventricle
Answer: B B: The defects associated with tetralogy of Fallot include ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonic stenosis (PS), and right ventricular hypertrophy. A: The aorta exiting from the right ventricle with no communication between the systemic and pulmonic circulation describes the defects associated with transposition of the great vessels. C: Coarctation of aorta and aortic and mitral valve stenosis are defects associated with tricuspid atresia. Severe coarctation of aorta, severe aortic valvular stenosis or atresia, and severe mitral valve stenosis or atresia are defects associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. D: Also, the left ventricle, aortic valve, mitral valve, and ascending aorta usually are small or hypoplastic.
Appropriate intervention is vital for many children with heart disease in order to go on to live active, full lives. Which of the following outlines an effective nursing intervention to decrease cardiac demands and minimize cardiac workload? A.Feeding the infant over long periods B.Allowing the infant to have her way to avoid conflict C. Scheduling care to provide for uninterrupted rest periods D. Developing and implementing a consistent care plan
Answer: C C: Organizing nursing care to provide for uninterrupted periods of sleep reduces cardiac demand. A: Feeding time should be restricted to a maximum of 45 minutes or discontinued sooner if the infant tires. B: In an attempt to get her own way, the child may cry. Excessive crying should be limited; however, appropriate limit setting should still be observed. D: Developing and implementing a consistent care plan can be important, but it is not related to decreasing cardiac demands or workload.
While feeding a 3-month-old infant, who has Tetralogy of Fallot, you notice the infant's skin begins to have a bluish tint and the breathing rate has increased. Your immediate nursing action is to?* A. Continue feeding the infant and place the infant on oxygen. B. Stop feeding the infant and provide suction. C. Stop feeding the infant and place the infant in the knee-to-chest position and administer oxygen. D. Assess the infant's heart rate and rhythm.
Answer: C C. The patient is experiencing a "tet spell". This is where during any type of activity like feeding, crying, playing etc. the child's heart (due to Tetralogy of Fallot) is unable to maintain proper oxygen levels in the blood (these activities place extra work on the heart and it can't keep up). Therefore, there are low amounts of oxygen in the blood, and the skin will become cyanotic (bluish tint) and the respiratory rate will increase (this is the body's way of trying to increase the oxygen levels in the body but it doesn't work because it's not a gas exchange problem in the lungs but a heart problem). The nurse would want to place the infant in the knee-to-chest position. WHY? This increases systemic vascular resistance (which will help decrease the right to left shunt that is occurring in the heart...hence helps replenish the body with oxygenated blood). In addition, the nurse would want to place the patient on oxygen.
You're caring for a newborn who has Tetralogy of Fallot with severe cyanosis. You anticipate the newborn will be started on ___________?* A: Indomethacin B. Diclofenac C. Celecoxib D. Alprostadil
Answer: D D. Alprostadil, prostaglandin E, will keep the ductus arteriosus open after birth. This will help with keeping the oxygen levels up because it allows more blood to flow to the lungs that is oxygenated via the ductus arteriosus. Remember this usually closes shortly after birth, but in a patient with severe Tetralogy of Fallot this opening needs to stay opened until surgery can be performed.
The parent of a 1-year-old child with tetralogy of Fallot asks the nurse, "Why do my child's fingertips look like that?" The nurse bases a response on the understanding that clubbing occurs as a result of: a. untreated congestive heart failure. b. a left-to-right shunting of blood. c. decreased cardiac output. d. chronic hypoxia.
Answer: D D. Clubbing of the fingers develops in response to chronic hypoxia.
Which of the following disorders leads to cyanosis from deoxygenated blood entering the systemic arterial circulation? A. Aortic stenosis (AS) B. Coarctation of aorta C. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) D. Tetralogy of Fallot
Answer: D D: Tetralogy of Fallot consists of four major anomalies: ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonic stenosis (PS), aorta overriding the ventricular septal defect. PS impedes the flow of blood to the lungs, causing increased pressure in the right ventricle, forcing deoxygenated blood through the septal defect the left ventricle. As a result of this decreased pulmonary flow, deoxygenated blood is shunted into the systemic circulation. The increased workload on the right ventricle causes hypertrophy. The overriding aorta receives blood from both the right and left ventricles. This is the definition of defect with decreased pulmonary blood flow where unoxygenated blood is shunted into the systemic circulation. A,B: Coarctation of aorta and AS are obstructive defects where obstruction, not shunting, is the problem. C: With PDA, blood flows from the aorta through the PDA and back to the pulmonary artery and lungs (shunting of oxygenated blood to the pulmonic system), causing increased pulmonary vascular congestion.
An infant with congestive heart failure is receiving digoxin (Lanoxin). The nurse recognizes a sign of digoxin toxicity, which is: a. restlessness. b. decreased respiratory rate. c. increased urinary output. d. vomiting.
Answer: D Symptoms of digoxin toxicity include: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, irregularity in pulse rate and rhythm, and a sudden change in pulse.
What assessment(s) in a child with tetralogy of Fallot would indicate the child is experiencing a paroxysmal hypercyanotic episode? Select all that apply. a. Spontaneous cyanosis b. Dyspnea c. Weakness d. Dry cough e. Syncope
Answers: A, B, C, E Indicators of a paroxysmal hypercyanotic episode or a "tet" episode are spontaneous cyanosis, dyspnea, weakness, and syncope.
How would the nurse caring for an infant with congestive heart failure (CHF) modify feeding techniques to adapt for the child's weakness and fatigue? Select all that apply. a. Feeding more frequently with smaller feedings b. Using a soft nipple with enlarged holes c. Holding and cuddling the child during feeding d. Substituting glucose water for formula e. Offering high-caloric formula
Answers: A, B, C, E Infants with CHF fatigue easily. Feeding can be given more frequently in smaller amounts through a soft large-holed nipple. Formulas with a denser caloric content can be offered. The child may be encouraged to nurse if he or she is held.
3. As the nurse you know which statements are TRUE about Tetralogy of Fallot? Select all that apply:* A. "Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect." B. "In this condition the heart has to work harder to pump blood to the lungs, which cause the right ventricle to work harder and enlarge." C. "Tetralogy of Fallot is treated with only palliative surgery." D. "Many patients with this condition will experience clubbing of the nails."
Answers: A, B, and D. Option C is wrong because this condition can be treated with both palliative surgery (used to help alleviate symptoms until the child is old enough for complete repair) and complete repair. All the other options are correct.
A 4-month-old is diagnosed with Tetralogy of Fallot. You're providing an illustration to the parent to help him understand the pathophysiology of this condition. What defects must be present in the illustration to help the parent understand their child's condition? Select all that apply:* A. Aortic stenosis B. Ventricular septal defect C. Coarctation of aorta D. Right ventricular hypertrophy E. Displacement of the aorta F. Pulmonic stenosis G. Patent ductus arteriosus
Answers: B, D, E, and F. Let the condition's name help you: "TETRAOLOGY"...this means there will be FOUR problems with this heart defect. Remember mnemonic RAPS: Right ventricular hypertrophy, Aorta displacement, Pulmonary stenosis, Septal defect (ventricular)
As the registered nurse you are developing a plan of care for a patient with Tetralogy of Fallot. Select all the appropriate nursing diagnoses below that would be specific to this patient: A. Risk for deficient fluid volume B. Ineffective airway clearance C. Activity Intolerance D. Failure to thrive E. Risk for impaired liver function
Answers: C and D C and D. A patient with TOF will have activity intolerance because remember this is a cyanotic heart defect where there is not enough oxygen in the blood (due to the structural defect of the heart) and any activity (feeding, crying, play etc.) can increase the demands for oxygen. Therefore, the patient will experience activity intolerance. In addition, the patient can experience failure to thrive because the constant hypoxemia (low oxygen in the blood) experienced can lead the child to have poor growth, weight loss, clubbing of the nails etc. Remember organs need plenty of oxygen to work and grow but in TOF this isn't happening very well. Options A, B, and E are not appropriate nursing diagnoses.
A nurse is assessing an infant. Which of the following should the nurse recognize as clinical manifestations of heart failure? (Select all that apply.) A. Bradycardia B. Cool extremities C. Peripheral edema D. Increased urinary output E. Nasal flaring
A. INCORRECT: A client who has heart failure will exhibit tachycardia as the heart attempts to meet the body's demands. B. CORRECT: A client who has heart failure will exhibit cool extremities as the heart is unable to adequately circulate oxygenated blood. C. CORRECT: A client who has heart failure will exhibit peripheral edema as the heart is unable to adequately circulate blood through the body and back to the heart. D. INCORRECT: With heart failure, the heart is unable to keep up with the body's demands. A decrease in urinary output is a clinical manifestation of heart failure. E. CORRECT: A client who has heart failure will exhibit nasal flaring due to inadequate oxygenation of blood
A nurse is caring for a 2-year-old child who is cyanotic and is in the hospital for a cardiac catheterization to repair cardiac defects. The child will be transferred to the pediatric ICU following the procedure. Which of the following is an appropriate nursing action when providing care to this child? A. Place on NPO status for 12 hr prior to the procedure. B. Check for iodine or shellfish allergies prior to the procedure. C. Elevate the affected extremity following the procedure. D. Limit fluid intake following the procedure
A. INCORRECT: The child should remain NPO 4 to 6 hr prior to the procedure. B. CORRECT: Iodine-based dyes may be used in this procedure, so the child is assessed for allergies to iodine or shellfish which could lead to anaphylaxis. C. INCORRECT: The affected extremity should be maintained in a straight position following the procedure. D. INCORRECT: Fluids should be encouraged after the procedure to maintain adequate urine output and promote excretion of the dye.