CARLA #14

If a person with a normal body fluid osmolarity drinks a large quantity of water, which of the following would occur in the absence of normal kidney function? Hypervolemia Cell shrinkage Decreased plasma osmolarity All of the above

Decreased plasma osmolarity

What is the normal range of blood pH?

7.35-7.45

In diabetes insipidus, blood levels of ________ are decreased causing an increase in ________.

ADH : urine volume

Changes in ventilation are able to alter the buffering capacity of the blood by affecting ________.

Blood P02

The osmotic gradient in the medullary region of the kidneys is established and maintained by ________.

Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

What role do the macula densa cells have in controlling renin release?

They detect changes in the amount of sodium and chloride in the distal tubules, and communicate these changes to juxtaglomerular cells, which secrete renin.

The activity of the respiratory system can increase pH by ________.

a hyperventilation-induced decrease in PCO2

Aldosterone is released from the ________ in response to ________.

adrenal cortex : increases in plasma potassium

The force that moves water out of the distal tubules and collecting ducts is ________.

an osmotic gradient

The release of renin is stimulated by a decrease in:

blood volume

A longer loop of Henle would result in ________.

both a higher osmolarity in the deeper regions of the renal medulla and the ability to produce a more concentrated urine (lots of solute, little water)

Which of the following hormones is a steroid? calcitriol antidiuretic hormone aldosterone both calcitriol and aldosterone all of these

both calcitriol and aldosterone

Which of the following is a source of water input? gastrointestinal tract renal tubules metabolism both gastrointestinal tract and metabolism all of these

both gastrointestinal tract and metabolism

The regulation of water and ion excretion occurs primarily within the ________.

both late distal tubules and collecting ducts

Increased urination is called ________.

both polyuria and diureses

The most rapid defense against changes in blood pH involves ________.

buffering of hydrogen ions

What hormone decreases plasma calcium levels?

calcitonin

Which of the following hormones is derived from vitamin D3?

calcitriol

Bicarbonate crosses the apical membrane of the proximal tubule by ________.

conversion to carbon dioxide

In the early portion of the collecting duct (in cortical interstitial fluid), an increase in water permeability will result in a(n) ________.

decrease in filtrate volume

The primary driving force for water movement out of the proximal tubules is ________.

greater osmolarity of the peritubular fluid

At high concentrations of antidiuretic hormone, the extent of water reabsorption in the collecting ducts is ________, causing urine output to ________.

high ; decrease

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperkalemia?

hypotension

In the renal tubules, the Na+/K+ pump is located ________.

in the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubules

The strongest stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary is a(n) ________.

increase in plasma osmolarity

Which of the following conditions would be associated with hypernatremia? increased plasma sodium decreased plasma osmolarity increased plasma potassium decreased plasma volume hypotension

increased plasma sodium

The addition of an acid to blood will cause ________ as compared with that amount of acid being added to pure water.

less of a decrease in pH

Severe diarrhea can cause a metabolic acidosis by an increased ________.

loss of bicarbonate

Severe vomiting can cause a metabolic alkalosis by an increased ________.

loss of hydrogen ions

If nothing else is removed from the filtrate once it reaches the late distal tubules, the urine excreted would be ________ and ________.

low osmolarity : large volume

A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid-base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.3, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

The signals controlling ADH release come from:

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

Where is ADH released from?

posterior pituitary

Angiotensin II stimulates:

release of aldosterone

A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid-base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.5, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?

respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation

If someone eats a large quantity of salty potato chips without drinking any water, to correct the situation the kidneys must excrete urine which is higher in:

solute concentration

The volume of the obligatory water loss is limited by ________.

the maximal osmolarity of the medullary osmotic gradient

In the absence of ADH, which of the following will decrease?

urine osmolarity

People suffering from diabetes insipidus may have increased:

urine volume

When mean arterial pressure increases, which of the following will increase in response? GFR Water reabsorption. Urine volume. ADH levels.

urine volume