CARLA #14
If a person with a normal body fluid osmolarity drinks a large quantity of water, which of the following would occur in the absence of normal kidney function? Hypervolemia Cell shrinkage Decreased plasma osmolarity All of the above
Decreased plasma osmolarity
What is the normal range of blood pH?
7.35-7.45
In diabetes insipidus, blood levels of ________ are decreased causing an increase in ________.
ADH : urine volume
Changes in ventilation are able to alter the buffering capacity of the blood by affecting ________.
Blood P02
The osmotic gradient in the medullary region of the kidneys is established and maintained by ________.
Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
What role do the macula densa cells have in controlling renin release?
They detect changes in the amount of sodium and chloride in the distal tubules, and communicate these changes to juxtaglomerular cells, which secrete renin.
The activity of the respiratory system can increase pH by ________.
a hyperventilation-induced decrease in PCO2
Aldosterone is released from the ________ in response to ________.
adrenal cortex : increases in plasma potassium
The force that moves water out of the distal tubules and collecting ducts is ________.
an osmotic gradient
The release of renin is stimulated by a decrease in:
blood volume
A longer loop of Henle would result in ________.
both a higher osmolarity in the deeper regions of the renal medulla and the ability to produce a more concentrated urine (lots of solute, little water)
Which of the following hormones is a steroid? calcitriol antidiuretic hormone aldosterone both calcitriol and aldosterone all of these
both calcitriol and aldosterone
Which of the following is a source of water input? gastrointestinal tract renal tubules metabolism both gastrointestinal tract and metabolism all of these
both gastrointestinal tract and metabolism
The regulation of water and ion excretion occurs primarily within the ________.
both late distal tubules and collecting ducts
Increased urination is called ________.
both polyuria and diureses
The most rapid defense against changes in blood pH involves ________.
buffering of hydrogen ions
What hormone decreases plasma calcium levels?
calcitonin
Which of the following hormones is derived from vitamin D3?
calcitriol
Bicarbonate crosses the apical membrane of the proximal tubule by ________.
conversion to carbon dioxide
In the early portion of the collecting duct (in cortical interstitial fluid), an increase in water permeability will result in a(n) ________.
decrease in filtrate volume
The primary driving force for water movement out of the proximal tubules is ________.
greater osmolarity of the peritubular fluid
At high concentrations of antidiuretic hormone, the extent of water reabsorption in the collecting ducts is ________, causing urine output to ________.
high ; decrease
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperkalemia?
hypotension
In the renal tubules, the Na+/K+ pump is located ________.
in the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubules
The strongest stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary is a(n) ________.
increase in plasma osmolarity
Which of the following conditions would be associated with hypernatremia? increased plasma sodium decreased plasma osmolarity increased plasma potassium decreased plasma volume hypotension
increased plasma sodium
The addition of an acid to blood will cause ________ as compared with that amount of acid being added to pure water.
less of a decrease in pH
Severe diarrhea can cause a metabolic acidosis by an increased ________.
loss of bicarbonate
Severe vomiting can cause a metabolic alkalosis by an increased ________.
loss of hydrogen ions
If nothing else is removed from the filtrate once it reaches the late distal tubules, the urine excreted would be ________ and ________.
low osmolarity : large volume
A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid-base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.3, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
The signals controlling ADH release come from:
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
Where is ADH released from?
posterior pituitary
Angiotensin II stimulates:
release of aldosterone
A patient is exhibiting several signs of acid-base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.5, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient?
respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
If someone eats a large quantity of salty potato chips without drinking any water, to correct the situation the kidneys must excrete urine which is higher in:
solute concentration
The volume of the obligatory water loss is limited by ________.
the maximal osmolarity of the medullary osmotic gradient
In the absence of ADH, which of the following will decrease?
urine osmolarity
People suffering from diabetes insipidus may have increased:
urine volume
When mean arterial pressure increases, which of the following will increase in response? GFR Water reabsorption. Urine volume. ADH levels.
urine volume