Cell Structure

Things that all cells have in common

1. all cells have an outer covering called a cell membrane 2. inside every cell is gelatin-like material called cytoplasm 3. in the cytoplasm of every cell is a hereditary material that controls the life of the cell

Cells can be separated into two groups, called:

1. prokaryotic -has no membrane bound structures inside it- found in only in one-called organisms like bacteria 2. eukaryotic -has membrane-bound structure inside it - found in protists, fungi, plants and animals

organ system

a group of organs working together to perform a certain function ; a group of systems makes an organism Ex: cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

tissue

a group of similar cells that work together to do one job Ex: cardiac muscle {heart muscle}

endoplasmic reticulum (or ER)

a series of folded membranes extending from the nucleus to the cell membrane

lysosomes

organelle that recycles substances in the cell

vacuoles

place where materials are temporarily stored

ribosomes

small structures in the cell that make protein - are considered organelles even though they are not membrane-bound - some float freely in the cytoplasm and others are attached - they get their "directions" from the hereditary material in the nucleus

Cell Membrane

A protective layer around all cells - if there is a cell wall, the cell membrane is inside it

Cell Wall

A tough, rigid outer covering that protects the cell and gives it its shape

C.T.O.S.O.

Cells > Tissues > Organs > Systems > Organism

Cytoplasm

Contains a framework called cytoskeleton which helps the cell maintain or change it's shape -.

organ

a structure made of two or more different types of tissues that work together EX: the heart is made up of cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue and blood tissue

Golgi bodies

another type of organelle that sorts protein and other cell substances and package them together into membrane bound structures called vesicles that deliver substances to areas inside the cell

Organelles

are found in eukaryotic cells they process energy and others make substances needed by the cell - some organelles act like storage places such as the vacuole

mitochondria

are organelles that release the stored energy by breaking down food into CO2 and H2O - because of this function, they are called the powerhouses of the cell