Period 5 Key Concept Review

By promoting various types of reforms such as state pensions and public health in Germany, expansion of suffrage in Britain or public education in many states.

How did some governments reform their practices because of the Industrial Revolution?

Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments such as the challenge of the Marathas to the Mughal Sultans, and the Taipings to the Manchus of the Qing dynasty.

How did subject peoples relate to their ruling governments?

Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect migration patterns during this period?

New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed, family dynamics, gender roles and demographics changed in response to industrialization, and rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism often led to unsanitary conditions.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect social and demographic characteristics?

The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large scale transnational businesses such as the United Fruit Company based in the U.S. and operating in Central America

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the scale of businesses and overall economic activity?

New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories.

How did the Industrial Revolution influence world trade overall?

In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours and gain higher wages while others opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting alternative visions of society including Marxism such as Utopian socialism, or anarchism.

How did workers respond to the Industrial Revolution and how did their vision of society compare to industrialists'?

Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.

How were gender roles affected by migration?

While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions' share in global manufacturing declined such as ship building in India and SE Asia, Iron works in India, Textile production in India and Egypt.

As industrial production rose, what type(s) of production declined?

These rebellions sometimes resulted in the formation of new states and stimulated the development of new ideologies. These new ideas in turn further stimulated the revolutionary and anti-imperial tendencies of this period.

How did political rebellions affect the political structures and ideologies around the world?

Slave resistance such as the establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean or Brazil, or North American slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas.

How did slaves' resistance affect existing authorities in the Americas?

American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions — including the American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements — that facilitated the emergence of independent states in the U.S., Haiti, and mainland Latin America. French subjects rebelled against their monarchy.

How did rebellions and revolutions in the Americas and Europe reflect Enlightenment ideals?

Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders such as the Chinese Exclusion Act or the White Australia Policy.

How did receiving societies react to the new presence of foreign migrants?

Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism such as the Ghost Dance in the U.S. or the Xhosa cattle killing in southern Africa.

How did religion influence nationalism and anti-colonialism?

Other Enlightenment philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, Locke, or Rousseau.

How did Enlightenment thinkers affect political thought?

Enlightenment philosophers applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life; they also critiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation.

How did Enlightenment thinkers affect understandings of the relationship between the natural world and humans?

Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world. It not only changed how goods were produced and consumed, as well as what was considered a "good," but it also had far reaching effects on the global economy such as creating new financial institutions, social relations such as restructuring of the family unit and culture.

How did Industrialization affect seemingly unrelated fields like social structures, culture, the economy?

The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments and the establishment of new nation-states around the world. Enlightenment thought and the resistance of colonized peoples to imperial centers shaped this revolutionary activity.

How did both the Enlightenment and colonized peoples' actions affect political developments after 1750?

The development of the factory system concentrated labor in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.

How did factories change the nature of labor itself?

In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire some members of the government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain pre-industrial forms of economic production, while other members of the Qing and Ottoman governments led reforms in imperial policies such as the Tanzimat movement or the Self-Strengthening Movement

How did governments respond to the tremendous economic changes of the Industrial Revolution?

These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations such as German, Italian, Filipino, and Argentinian nationalism)

How did governments use these new ideas on their populations?

The process was led mostly by Europe, although not all states were affected equally, which led to an increase of European influence around the world. The United States and Japan also participated in this process. The growth of new empires challenged the power of existing land-based empires of Eurasia.

How did imperialism affect Europe's influence around the world?

The United States, Russia and Qing China emulated European transoceanic imperialism by expanding their land borders and conquering neighboring territories.

How did imperialism change various states?

The expansion of U.S. and European influence over Tokugawa Japan led to the emergence of Meiji Japan.

How did imperialism help various states?

Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries. such as the Cherokee nation, the Zulu kingdom, the establishment of independent states in the Balkans.

How did imperialism hurt various states?

New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified Imperialism.

How did imperialists justify imperialism?

The ideological inspiration for economic changes lies in the development of capitalism and classical liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.

How did industrialists legitimize the economic changes of the Industrial Revolution?

Migrants often created ethnic enclaves such as Chinese in SE Asia, the Caribbean, S America, and N America in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks.

How did migrants preserve and transplant their culture in their new homes?

Migration patterns changed dramatically throughout this period and the numbers of migrants increased significantly. These changes were closely connected to the development of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy.

How did migrations in this period compare to earlier periods?

Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century. The new methods of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies such as Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific, Lebanese merchants in the Americas, Italian industrial workers in Argentina.

How did new modes of transportation affect migration?

Commonly exported raw materials were cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, meat or guano The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.

What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas?

The need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production, as well as the global demand for gold, silver and diamonds as forms of wealth led to the development of extensive mining centers such as copper mines in Mexico or gold and diamond mines in South Africa

What role did monetary and precious metals play in the Industrial Revolution?

The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.

What role did the Enlightenment play in making political revolutions and rebellions possible?

The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to exploit vast new resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The "fossil fuels" revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.

What "fueled" (both literally and metaphorically) the Industrial Revolution?

Some commodities gave merchants and companies based in Europe and the U.S. a distinct economic advantage such as Opium produced in the Middle East or South Asia and exported to China, Cotton grown in South Asia, Egypt, the Caribbean, or North America and exported to Great Britain and other European countries, Palm oil produced in Sub-Saharan Africa and exported to European countries.

What "new" markets did industrialized states look for or create for their exports?

As states industrialized during this period, they also expanded existing overseas colonies and established new types of colonies and transoceanic empires. Regional warfare and diplomacy both resulted in and were affected by this process of modern empire-building.

What are the similarities and differences between colonialism and imperialism?

The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions' share of global manufacturing.

What areas of the world increased their share in global manufacturing?

The global economy of the 19th century expanded dramatically from the previous period due to increased exchanges of raw materials and finished goods in most parts of the world.

What caused the global economy of the 19th century to expand?

A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production: Europe's location on the Atlantic ocean; the geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber; European demographic changes; urbanization; improved agricultural productivity; legal protection of private property; an abundance of rivers and canals; access to foreign resources; and the accumulation of capital.

What combination of factors were necessary to begin the Industrial Revolution?

Transnational businesses such as the HSBC-Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation that relied on various financial instruments such as stock markets, insurance, the gold standard or limited liability corporations.

What financial institutions facilitated industrial production?

In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization such as the economic reforms of Meiji Japan, the development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia, Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt.

What governments supported their own state-sponsored vision of industrialization?

Increasing discontent with imperial rule and the spread of Enlightenment ideas propelled reformist and revolutionary movements.

What influenced revolutoinary movements?

Beginning in the 18th century peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs and territory.

What is the basis of national identity and nationalism?

The need for raw materials for the factories and increased food supplies for growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in mass producing single natural resources.

What led to export economies around the world?

Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa such as Britain in West Africa or Belgium in the Congo

What methods and tactics did industrialized states use to establish and expand their empires?

New ideas about nationalism, race, gender, class and culture also developed that both facilitated the spread of transoceanic empires and new states, as well as justifying anti-imperial resistance and the formation of new national identities.

What new ideas developed that facilitated the spread of empires as well challenged imperialism?

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents — including the American Declaration of Independence, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and Bolívar's Jamaica Letter — influenced resistance to existing political authority.

What new political documents regarding the individual, natural rights, and the social contract did the Enlightenment develop?

Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies including liberalism, socialism and communism.

What new political ideologies developed from c. 1750-1900?

The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities.

What other new ideologies did the Enlightenment stimulate?

Demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies such as Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Women," Olympe de Gouges' "Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen" or the resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848.

What people or issues did Enlightenment thinkers ignore or overlook?

Enlightenment ideas influenced many people to challenge existing notions of social relations, which contributed to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom, as their ideas were implemented.

What social and political norms did Enlightenment thinkers challenge and what were the effects of their questioning?

The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semi-coerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude and convict labor.

What types of migration were involuntary?

The "second industrial revolution" led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century.

What was the "2nd Industrial Revolution?"

Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements such as the Indian Revolt of 1857 or the Boxer Rebellion in Qing China.

What was the relationship between nationalism and anti-colonialism?

The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy.

What was the social effect of the fundamental restructuring of the global economy?

Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in population.

What were the causes of world population growth?

Many individuals such as manual laborers or specialized professionals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work.

What were the economic motives behind migration?

There were major developments in transportation and communication including railroads, steamships, telegraphs and canals.

What were the important developments in transportation during the Industrial Revolution?

In some cases, people benefitted economically from migration, while other peoples were seen simply as commodities to be transported. In both cases, migration produced dramatically different societies for both sending and receiving societies and presented challenges to governments in fostering national identities and regulating the flow of people.

What were the main social, economic, and political causes and effects of this new age of migration?

The large scale nature of migration, especially in the 19th century, produced a variety of consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the existing populations.

What were the social consequences and reactions to 19th century migrations?

In some parts of their empires, Europeans established settler colonies such as the British in southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand, or the French in Algeria.

Where did Europeans establish settler colonies?

As the new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia and Japan.

Where did factories start, and where did the factory system spread?

In other parts of the world, industrialized states practiced economic imperialism. such as the British and French expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars or the British and the United States investing heavily in Latin America.

Where was economic imperialism practiced?

States with existing colonies such as the British in India or the Dutch in Indonesia)strengthened their control over those colonies, while European states such as the British, the Dutch, the French, the Germans or the Russians)as well as the Americans and the Japanese established empires in throughout Asia and the Pacific. However the Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.

Which states increased their influence and control over their pre-existing colonies, and which saw their influence decrease?

To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions.

Why did industrialists develop and expand financial institutions?

Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons including civil unrest, economic opportunities or to join with family

Why did people migrate?

In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism some governments mitigated the negative effects of industrial capitalism by promoting various types of reforms.

Why did some governments reform their practices because of the Industrial Revolution?