Cells
Active transport
Active transport, such as the sodium-potassium pump, uses ATP (energy) to transport molecules against their gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of a high concentration. In the example of the sodium-potassium pump, sodium ions are moved to an area of high concentration outside the cell and potassium ions are moved inside the cell.
A bulk transport method
Bulk transport, which requires energy, making it a form of active transport, can be found in either endocytosis or exocytosis. These processes move large molecules into and out of the cell. One specific example is phagocytosis, which moves bacteria inside the cell and is a form of endocytosis that requires energy from the cell.
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion, such as glucose transport, is a type of passive transport that requires a specific protein to carry out. In the glucose transport example, the GLUT, or glucose transporter proteins, allow glucose to be transported from a high concentration in the intestine to an area of low concentration in the circulatory system.
golgi apparatus
Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
Describe the structure and function of TWO eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles other than the nucleus.
Ribosomes are organelles made up of two different subunits that use amino acids to produce proteins for the cell. Lysosomes, which digest excess or worn out cell parts, are spheres made of a lipid bilayer.
cELL tHEORY
The cell is the most basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, and all cells come from other cells through cell division.
hypotonic solution
water>salt, water flows into cell and lyses it
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some non-membrane bound components in common. Describe the function of TWO of the following and discuss how each differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA
-contains genetic information -in loop vs. linear -found in cytoplasm vs. found in membrane bound nucleus
key events of cell theory
1665-Robert Hooke discovered cells by looking at cork under a microscope 1670-Leeweunhoek was the first to see living cells under a microscope 1833-Robert Brown discovered the nucleus 1838-Matthias Schleiden +Shwann proposed that all animal tissue is made of cells 1855-Rudolf Virchow discovered that cells arose from other cells
chloroplasts
turn solar energy into food, plant cell
Explain the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells and discuss an example of evidence supporting this theory. (2pts)
This theory says that eukaryotic cells come from prokaryotic cells absorbing each other and forming a symbiotic relationship. One piece of evidence that supports the endosymbiotic theory is that mitochondria have their own membranes, just as individual prokaryotic cells have membranes. The existence of many membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells supports the theory that they were once just prokaryotic cells that were absorbed by another prokaryotic cell.
nucleus
contains genetic info (DNA)
centrioles
control cell division
lysosomes
digest excess or worn out cell parts
isotonic
equal, water flows evenly
cell wall
gives structure (only in plant cell)
phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, held together by weak interactions
Ribosomes
make proteins from amino acids
cytoskeleton
moves things within the cell
smooth er
produces lipids and carbs
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some non-membrane bound components in common. Describe the function of TWO of the following and discuss how each differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. CELL WALL
protects + keeps shape -made of peptidoglycans vs. made of chitin + cellulose
cell membrane
regulates what enters and exits
hypertonic solution
salt>water, water flows out of cell
vacuole
stores food & keeps cell pressurized
rough er
stores proteins made by attached ribosomes