Ch. 1-40 pt.2
A 45-year-old man w/ type 1 diabetes is found unresponsive. Which of the following questions is MOST important to ask his wife
"Did he take his insulin today?"
You & your partner are traveling to the headquarters for your monthly in-service training session when you are dispatched to the home of an 18 year old woman w/ a high fever. The dispatcher tells you the patient has autism. Upon arrival at the home, what is the first question you should ask the parent or caregiver
"What can you tell me about the patient's normal functional level: What makes her feel secure?"
Which of the following questions is of LEAST pertinence for the EMT to ask a patient who intentionally overdosed on a medication
"Why did you take the medication?"
Indicative of a head injury
Asymmetrical pupils, Both eyes moving in opposite directions, & Inability to look upward when instructed to
Normal electric impulses originate in the sinus node, just above the:
Atria.
Which of the following mechanisms of injury would MOST likely cause a crushing injury of the larynx &/ trachea
Attempted suicide by hanging
You & your partner are traveling to the headquarters for your monthly in-service training session when you are dispatched to the home of an 18 year old woman w/ a high fever. The dispatcher tells you the patient has autism. While you are attempting to take the patient's blood pressure, another call comes across your radio. The patient covers her ears and starts to cry. What does this indicate
Auditory sensitivity
Which of the following is a developmental disorder characterized by impairment of social interaction
Autism
____________ allows a cardiac muscle cell to contrast spontaneously without a stimulus from a nerve source.the
Automaticity.
index of suspicion
Awareness that unseen life-threatening injuries may exist when determining the mechanism of injury.
The adult EpiPen system delivers _ mg of epinephrine, & the infant-child system delivers .15 mg
.3
The dosage of epinephrine in an adult EpiPen is
0.30 mg
The Apgar score should be calculated at _______ minutes after birth
1 and 5
Young children can drown in as little as ________ of water if left unattended
1 inch
If an abnormal or disturbing pattern of behavior lasts for at least --------, it is regarded as a matter of concern for a mental health standpoint
1 month
You arrive on the scene of a 54-year old female patient complaining of shortness of air & chest discomfort. The patient states that the pain started approximately 4 hours ago & is progressively getting worse. The patient has a previous history of an AMI & hypertension. Patient is also asthmatic. Patient is sitting up in a tripod position. Patient has a respiratory rate of 38bpm & labored, & a pulse rate of 98. Patient's blood pressure is 102/76. Patient has taken 2 nitro tablets w/ little relief. Patient's breath sounds are clear bi laterally. How many nitroglycerin tablets would we assist this patient in taking?
1 tablet
A man involved in a motorcycle crash has multiple abrasions and lacerations. Which of the following injuries has the HIGHEST treatment priority
1" laceration to the thigh with spurting, bright red blood
list 3 signs of alcohol withdrawal
1. agitation and restlessness, 2. fever and sweating, 3. seizures
Treatment for ingestion of poisonous plants includes the following
1. assessing the patient's airway and vital signs, 2. taking the plant to the emergency department, 3. prompt transport
signs and symptoms of chlorine exposure include all of the following
1. cough, 2. chest pain, 3. wheezing
medical problems that may cause the patient to present as intoxicated include the following
1. head trauma, 2. uncontrolled diabetes, 3. toxic reactions
Name 3 narcotics
1. heroin, 2. morphine, 3. codeine
list 3 typical ingested poisons
1. household cleaners, 2. plants, 3. contaminated food
a typical route of administration for naloxone is
1. intravenous, 2. intranasal, 3. intramuscular
characteristics of carbon monoxide include the following
1. it is odorless, 2. it does not damage or irritate the lungs, 3. it does not cause sore throat or hoarseness
give 3 other names cocaine is called by
1. lady, 2. snow, 3. blow
name 3 parts of the treatment of patients who have overdosed with sedative-hypnotics and have respiratory depression
1. provide airway clearance, 2. provide ventilatory assistance, 3. provide prompt transport
Injected poisons may
1. result in dizziness, fever, and chills, 2. are frequently caused by a drug overdose, 3. you should remove rings, watches, and bracelets in areas of swelling
Name 3 things that would provide clues to the nature of the poison
1. scattered pills, 2. chemicals, 3. a needle or syringe
Optimally, on -scene time for critically injured patients should be less than _________ minutes
10
You arrive on scene to assist another crew with a delivery. On arrival, the crew on scene informs you that the delivery has already taken place and that you are going to be responsible for care of the newborn. As you approach you hear a very loud cry. The newborn appears completely pink and moves his foot away when you flick the sole of his foot. The pulse is 120 b/m and respirations are rapid. The newborn has excellent muscle tone and resists your attempt to straighten the hips. What is the apgar score
10
When administering epinephrine by auto-injector, the EMT should hold the injector in place for
10 seconds
When suctioning a tracheostomy tube, be sure not to suction for longer than
10 seconds
After delivery, if the infant does not begin after _______ seconds, you should begin resuscitation efforts
10 to 15
A systolic blood pressure of less than ______ mm Hg with weak, rapid pulse suggest the presence of hypoperfusion in a patient who may have significant bleeding
100
Once the infant is delivered, feel for a brachial pulse or the pulsations in the umbilical cord. If the pulse rate is below _____________ beats/min, begin assisted ventilations
100
The recommended dimensions for a helicopter landing zone are
100 × 100 feet.
When attached to oxygen supply with the oxygen reservoir in place, a bag-mask device is able to supply almost _________ oxygen
100%
The systolic blood pressure must be above _ mmHg _ before the administration of nitroglycerin
100, systolic
The onset of menstruation usually occurs between the ages of
11 and 16 years
There are ____ cranial nerves
12 cranial nerves
In most states, for a DNR to be considered valid it must have been signed within the last
12 months
Approximately _______ of deliveries are complicated by the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid
12% to 16%
When performing CPR on a newborn, a compression to ventilation ratio of 3:1 should be used; this will yield a total of __________ "actions" per minute
120
If fertilization has not occurred w/in about _ days following ovulation, the lining of the uterus begins to separate & menstruation occurs
14
a patient w/ a perfect score on the GCS scale will have a score of
15
if the patient has a liquid chemical agent on the skin, you should flood the affected part for
15-20 minutes
An infant's heart can beat as many as ________ times or more per minute if the body needs to compensate for injury or illness
160
An adult male has experienced first & second degree burns to his chest & abdomen, this would be considered a(n)
18 BSA.
Defibrillation works best if it takes place within ____ minutes of the onset of cardiac arrest.
2 minutes
At each vertebra in the neck and back, ______ nerves, called spinal nerves, branch out from the spinal cord and carry signals to and from the body.
2 nerves
When assessing capillary refill in pediatric patients, the color should return after
2 seconds
Ovulation occurs approximately _______ before menstruation
2 weeks
Bronchiolitis usually occurs during the first ________ of life
2 years
A fall from more than _________ times the patient's height is considered to be significant
2-3
Making eye he contacts, recognizing caregivers, and following a bright light with their eyes are initially noticed in what age group
2-6 months
By the end of pregnancy, the pregnant patient's heart rate increases up to 20%, or about ______ beats more per minute
20
If a burn to the eye was caused by an acid/alkali the eye should be irrigated for _ minutes continuously
20
Because the stinger of the honeybee is barbed and remains in the wound, it can continue to inject venom for up to
20 minutes
When a patient has a chemical burn to the eye, you should irrigate the eye for at least 5 minutes; however, if the burn was caused by an alkali or strong acid, you should irrigate for
20 minutes
The body will not tolerate an acute blood loss of greater than _ of blood volume
20%
The body will not tolerate an acute blood loss of greater than _________ of blood volume
20%
A TIA, or mini-stroke, is the name to a stroke when symptoms go away on their own in less than:
24 hours
How much activated charcoal should you administer to a 55-pound child who swallowed a bottle of aspirin
25 g
A 5-year-old boy was burned when he pulled a barbecue grill over on himself. He has partial- & full-thickness burns to his anterior chest & circumferentially on both arms. What percentage of his body surface area has been burned
27%
A young boy is riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car, how many collisions took place
3
You arrive at the scene of a home delivery. On entering the scene, the father appears upset and hands you a limp baby. The child has a weak cry, is completely cyanotic, and has a pulse of 70 b/m. Respirations are slow. What is the Apgar score
3
The EMT-B can assist a patient w/ their nitroglycerin as long as the protocols are met, which are a maximum of _ tablets/sprays, _ spaced minutes apart.
3, 5
About _____ minutes after blood flow is cut off, some heart muscle cells begin to die.
30
You and your partner are called to an elementary school for an 8-year-old boy with an altered mental status. You find the child lying supine on the cafeteria floor. A teacher is waiting with the patient and the scene is safe. The teacher states that the child finished his lunch and began "shaking" in his chair, at which point the teacher moved him to the floor. Your general impression provides the following, there are no life threats, he is alert, his work of breathing is unlabored. His skin color is pink. His airway is open and clear, his respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min and his pulse rate are 90. The child is responsive to verbal stimuli and is confused as to what happened and where he is. You do not see any injuries or skin rashes. If this patient was experiencing status ecliptics, the teacher would have described a seizure continuing every few minutes without regaining consciousness or a single seizure lasting longer than
30 min
What is the duration of action of naloxone
30 minutes to 1 hour
At what speed will the ambulance begin to hydroplane when there is water present on the roadway
30 mph
The peripheral nervous system has ______ pairs of spinal nerves
31
there are a total of _ pairs of spinal nerves that conduct sensory impulses from the skin & other organs to the spinal cord. they also conduct motor impulses from the spinal cord to the muscles
31
the spinal column is the body' central supporting & consists of _ bones divided into 5 sections
33
you and your partner are called for a 25-year-old man who was found unresponsive by two hikers in a remote area of a national forest. on arrival, you observe a young man lying supine on the ground with a liquor bottle nearby. despite near freezing temperatures he is dressed in a t-shirt and jeans. the patient has a respiratory rate of 4 breaths per minute. your partner assists ventilations with a BVM while you perform a pulse check. how long should you assess for a carotid pulse
35 to 40 seconds
An infant delivered before ________ weeks is considered premature
36
A full-term pregnancy is from __________ to _________ weeks, counting from the first day of the last menstral cycle
36; 40
A newborn is considered to be "term" if it is born after ____ weeks and before ____ weeks
37, 42
The heart has _ chambers.
4
it is time for your annual competency assessment. This test includes knowledge and skills assessments. yo regar to your emt textbook to prepare by answering simple questions provided. To ensure you have enough reaction time to avoid hitting a motorist who does not move over, you should drive, at minimum, about _____ seconds behind vehicles traveling at an average speed
4
The brain and spinal cord usually cannot go for more than ____________ minutes without perfusion, or the nerve cells will be permanently damaged
4-6
In situations where assisted ventilation is required, you should use a newborn BVM and ventilate with high-flow oxygen at a rate of ________ breaths/min
40 to 60
the patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) will generally have a finger stick glucose level higher than
400 mg/dl
The effects of bath salts can last as long as
48 hours
Permanent brain damage may occur if the brain is without oxygen for _______ to ______ minutes
4;6
Your supervisor approaches you and tells you he wants you to make up jump kits for each ambulance. He has told you that he will leave it up to you as to what goes into the kit. You would want to include everything that you might need within the first ___________ minutes of arrival at the patient's side
5
You and your partner are assigned to a post at an extreme sports competition. You are called to asses a 23 year old man who was performing an air trick on his bike when he lost control and landed on the bottom of the concrete ramp. When you arrive, the patient is wake and alert and in extreme pain. He tells you he flew over his handlebars and felt both of his upper legs snap. He denies experiencing any loss of consciousness. neurovascular function should be recessed every ___ minutes
5 to 10 correct
Which of the following is considered a severe burn
5% full-thickness burn w/ a fracture
Bleeding that exceeds approximately _________- mL is considered excessive
500
You are dispatched to the scene of a trench collapse. Upon arriving at the scene, your ambulance should be parked at least _____ feet from the incident
500
There is often a significant amount of blood loss, as much as ___ mL, after a fracture of the shaft of the femur
500 to 1,000
The amniotic sac contains about ________ to ______ mL of amniotic fluid, which helps to insulate and protect the floating fetus as it develops
500; 1,000
When arriving at the scene of a cave-in or trench collapse, response vehicles should be parked at least ________ away from the scene
500ft
Saying their first word, sitting without support, and teething are initially noticed in what age group
6-12 months
The most prominent and the most easily palpable spinous process is at the ______ cervical vertebra at the base of the neck
7th
You assess an infant newborn after delivery and note that the child has a loud cry and withdraws to pain. The heart rate is 94 b/m, the extremities are cyanotic, respirations are rapid, and the newborn strongly resists your attempts to straighten the knees. what is the Apgar score
8
The 1-minute Apgar score of a newborn reveals that the baby has a heart rate of 90 beats/min, a pink body but blue hands and feet, and rapid respirations. The baby cries when the soles of its feet are flicked and resists attempts to straighten its legs. You should assign an Apgar score of
8.
A blood sugar level below is considered hypoglycemic, while a blood sugar level above is considered hyperglycemic
80 - 120
Your partner prepares to perform a fingerstick to check the patient's glucose level. A normal glucose level is
80 mg/dL
normal blood glucose levels range from
80-120mg/dl
Your patient opens his eyes when you say his name, is making incomprehensible sounds, & w/draws when you pinch his earlobe. What is his GCS score
9
You are dispatched to a bar to respond to a fight. The police hace cleared the scene & it is safe for you to enter. You see a man, conscious & alert. His face is mottled w/ blisters & abrasions, & he has blood on his shirt. He tells you was trying to stop the fight when he was hit in the face w/ scalding hot coffee & then he fell backward into a chair. Physical examination shows a jagged laceration measuring approximately 2 inches on his abdomen. It is still bleeding, you notice bruising on the right lateral chest. Vital signs are stable. According to the rule of nines, what percentage of the patient's skin surface is burned
9%
Mild hypothermia occurs when the core temperature is between ______ and ________
90 degrees, 95 degrees
you and your partner are called for a 25-year-old man who was found unresponsive by two hikers in a remote area of a national forest. on arrival, you observe a young man lying supine on the ground with a liquor bottle nearby. despite near freezing temperatures he is dressed in a t-shirt and jeans. Shivering stops and muscle activity ceases once the body's core temperature reaches what
90F
you and your partner are called for a 25-year-old man who was found unresponsive by two hikers in a remote area of a national forest. on arrival, you observe a young man lying supine on the ground with a liquor bottle nearby. despite near freezing temperatures he is dressed in a t-shirt and jeans. hypothermia is diagnosed when the core body temperature falls below what temperature
95F
Newton's Second Law of motion states that F=M X
A
Which of the following patients is at HIGHEST risk for suicide
A 33-year-old man who regularly consumes alcohol & purchased a gun
urinary tract infection
A bacterial infection that affects the urinary tract
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
A bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body and is often resistant to commonly used antibiotics; can be found on the skin and in surgical wounds, the bloodstream, lungs, and urinary tract
vancomycin-resistant enterococci
A bacterium that is normally present in the human intestines and the female reproductive tract, but which can cause infection and which is resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin
Homeostasis
A balance of all systems of the body.
Swathe
A bandage that passes around the chest to secure an injured arm to the chest.
Sling
A bandage/material that helps to support the weight of an injured upper extremity.
Occlusion
A blockage, usually of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel.
Thromboembolism
A blood clot that has formed w/in a blood vessel & is floating w/in the bloodstream.
Thrombosis
A blood clot, either in the arterial/venous system. When the clot occurs in the cerebral artery, it may result in the interruption of cerebral blood flow & subsequent stroke
Embolus
A blood clot/other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where is causes a blockage
Artery
A blood vessel, consisting of three layers of tissue & smooth muscle that carries blood away from the heart.
Commotio Cordis
A blunt chest injury caused by a sudden, direct blow to the chest that occurs only during the critical portion of a person's heartbeat.
coup-contrecoup injury
A brain injury that occurs when force is applied to the head & energy transmission through brain tissue causes injury on the opposite side of original impact; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebound
eustation tube
A branch of the internal auditory canal that connects the middle ear to the oropharynx
Contusion
A bruise from an injury that causes bleeding beneath the skin w/out breaking the skin.
myocardial contusion
A bruise of the heart muscle.
Ecchymosis
A buildup of blood beneath the skin that produces a characteristic blue/black discoloration as the result of an injury; also called contusion.
When examining the head of a pediatric patient, which of the following is False
A bulging fontanelle suggests dehydration
flame burn
A burn caused by an open flame
contact burn
A burn caused by direct contact w/ a hot object.
steam burn
A burn caused by exposure to hot steam.
flash burn
A burn caused by exposure to very intense heat, such as in an explosion.
Scald burn
A burn caused by hot liquids
Often the first sign of heatstroke is
A change in behavior
altered mental status
A change in the way a person thinks & behaves that may signal disease in the central nervous system/elsewhere in the body.
subcutaneous emphysema
A characteristic crackling sensation felt on palpation of the skin, caused by the presence of air in soft tissues.
hemostatic agents
A chemical compound that slows/stops bleeding by assisting w/ clot formation
Hormone
A chemical substance produced by a gland that regulates the activity of organs & tissues
Toddler
A child age 1 to 3 years old
Obesity
A complex condition in which a person has an excessive amount of body fat.
Type 2 Diabetes
A condition in which insulin resistance develops in response to increased blood glucose levels; can be managed by exercise & diet modification, but is often managed by medication
Status Epilepticus
A condition in which seizure recur every few minutes last longer than 30 minutes
Hypothermia
A condition in which the body core temperature falls below 95 degrees (35C) after exposure to a cold environment
Hyperthermia
A condition in which the body core temperature rises to 101 F (38.3C)/more
Hypoperfusion
A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions; also called shock.
dissecting aneurysm
A condition in which the inner layers of an artery, such as the aorta, become separated, allowing blood (at high pressures) to flow between the layers.
placenta previa
A condition in which the placenta develops over and covers the cervix.
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
A condition in which the sphincter between the esophagus & the stomach opens, allowing stomach acid to move up into the esophagus, usually resulting in a burning sensation w/in the chest; also called acid reflux.
flail chest
A condition in which two/more ribs are fractured in two/more places/in association w/ a fracture of the sternum so that a segment of the chest wall is effectively detached from the rest of the thoracic cage.
pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
A condition of late pregnancy that is characterized by headache, visual changes, and swelling of the hands and feet; also called preeclamsia or toxemia of pregnancy.
acute abdomen
A condition of sudden onset of pain w/in the abdomen, usually indicating peritonitis; immediate medical/surgical treatment is necessary.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
A condition resulting from alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy that produces physical abnormalities and cognitive and behavioral problems in her child.
pulmonary embolism
A condition that causes a sudden blockage of the pulmonary artery by a venous clot
Hemophilia
A congenital abnormality in which the blood is unable to produce clots, which results in uncontrollable bleeding
Which of the following is a physiologic change that occurs during the process of aging
A decline in kidney function
Laceration
A deep, jagged cut in the skin.
While inspecting the interior of a wrecked automobile, you should be MOST suspicious that the driver experienced an abdominal injury if you find
A deformed steering wheel
breech presentation
A delivery in which the buttocks come out first.
vertex presentation
A delivery in which the head of the newborn comes out first
limb presentation
A delivery in which the presenting part is a single arm or leg.
Spina bifida
A development defect in which a portion of the spinal cord or meninges may protrude outside of the vertebrae and possibly even outside of the body, usually at the lower third of the spine in the lumbar area.
spina bifida
A developmental defect in which a portion of the spinal cord or meninges may protrude outside of the vertebrae and possibly even outside of the body, usually at the lower third of the spine in the lumbar area
pelvic binder
A device to splint the bony pelvis to reduce hemorrhage from bone ends, venous disruption, & pain.
Eipglottitis
A disease in which the epiglottis becomes inflamed and enlarged and may cause an upper airway obstruction
arteriosclerosis
A disease that causes the arteries to thicken, harden, and calcify
Epilepsy
A disorder in which abnormal electrical discharges occur in the brain, causing seizure & possible loss of consciousness
Atherosclerosis
A disorder in which calcium & cholesterol build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, potentially leading to a partial/complete blockage of blood flow
congestive heart failure
A disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle & usually resulting in a backup of fluid into the lungs.
functional disorder
A disorder in which there is no known physiologic reason for the abnormal functioning of an organ/organ system.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
A disorder of the brain in which brain cells temporarily stop functioning because of insufficient oxygen, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve completely w/in 24 hours of onset
What does the "PID Shuffle" refer to
A distinctive gait when the patient walks
syncope
A fainting spell or transient loss of consciousness, often caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain
Syncope
A fainting spell/transient loss of consciousness
Hymenoptera
A family of insects that includes bees, wasps, ants, & yellow jackets.
structure fire
A fire in a house, apartment building, office, school, plant, warehouse, or other building.
Paradoxical chest movement is typically seen in patients w/
A flail chest
Splint
A flexible/rigid appliance used to protect & maintain the position of an injured extremity.
Neisseria meningitides
A form of bacterial meningitis characterized by a rapid onset of symptoms, often leading to shock and death
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
A form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
A form, provided by manufacturers & compounders (blenders) of chemicals, containing information about chemical composition, physical & chemical properties, health & safety hazards, emergency response, & waste disposal of a specific material; also known as a safety data sheet (SDS).
kyphosis
A forward curling of the back caused by an abnormal increase in the curvature of the spine
displaced fracture
A fracture in which bone fragments are separated from one another & not in anatomic alignment.
blow out fracture
A fracture of the orbit/of the bones that support the floor of the orbit. (Eye)
Child abuse
A general term applying to all forms of abuse and neglect of children
osteoporosis
A generalized bone disease, commonly associated with postmenopausal women, in which there is a reduction in the amount of bone mass leading to fractures after minimal trauma in either sex
Down syndrome
A genetic chromosomal defect that can occur during fetal development and that results in intellectual impairment as well as certain physical characteristics, such as a round head with a flat occiput and slanted, wide-set eyes.
Crepitus
A grating/grinding sensation caused by fractured bone ends/joints rubbing together; also air bubbles under the skin that produce a crackling sound/crinkly feeling.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A group of complex disorders of brain development, characterized by difficulties in social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and verbal and nonverbal communication.
neuropathy
A group of conditions in which the nerves leaving the spinal cord are damaged, resulting in distortion of signals to or from the brain
Cerebral palsy
A group of disorders characterized by poorly controlled body movement.
acute coronary syndrome
A group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia; includes angina & myocardial infarction.
position of function
A hand position in which the wrist is slightly dorsiflexed & all finger joints are moderately flexed.
eyes forward position
A head position in which the patient's eyes are looking straight ahead & the head & torso are in line.
acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
A heart attack; death of heart muscle following obstruction of blood flow to it; in this context the attack is "new"/"happening right now."
heat exhaustion
A heat emergency in which a significant amount of fluid & electrolyte loss occurs because of heavy sweating; also called heat prostration/heat collapse.
Sickle Cell Disease
A hereditary disease that causes normal, round red blood cells to become oblong,/sickle shaped
Your partner indicates that he heard wheezing in all lung fields. What did he hear
A high-pitched whistling sound caused by bronchoconstriction
Wheezing
A high-pitched, whistling breath sound that is most prominent on expiration, & which suggests an obstruction/narrowing of the lower airways; occurs in asthma & bronchiolitis
respiratory syncytial virus
A highly contagious virus that causes an infection of the upper and lower respiratory system
Insulin
A hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans (endocrine gland located throughout the pancreas) that enables glucose in the blood to enter the cells; used in synthetic form to treat & control diabetes mellitus
tactical situation
A hostage, robbery, or other situation in which armed conflict is threatened or shots have been fired and the threat of violence remains.
Sprain
A joint injury involving damage to supporting ligaments, & sometimes partial/temporary dislocation of bone ends.
Ischemia
A lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients, resulting from partial/complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occured
heat stroke
A life-threatening condition of severe hyperthermia caused by exposure to excessive natural/artificial heat, marked by warm, dry skin; severely altered mental status; & often irreversible coma.
Hyperomolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)
A life-threatening condition resulting from high blood glucose that typically occurs in older adults & which causes altered mental status, dehydration, & organ damage
open-book pelvic fracture
A life-threatening fracture of the pelvis caused by a force that displaces one/both sides of the pelvis laterally & posteriorly.
Hematoma
A mass of blood that has collected w/in damaged tissue beneath the skin/in a body cavity.
Length-based resuscitation tape
A material used to estimate an infant or child's weight on the basis of length; appropriate drug doses and equipment sizes are listed on the tape
Psychosis
A mental disorder characterized by the loss of contact with reality.
Diabetes Mellitus
A metabolic disorder in which the ability to metabolize carbohydrates (sugars) is impaired, usually because of a lack of insulin
Seizure
A neurological episode caused by a surge of electrical activity in the brain; can be convulsion characterized by generalized, uncoordinated muscular activity, & can be associated w/ loss of consciousness
flutter valve
A one-way valve that allows air to leave the chest cavity but not return; formed by taping three sides of an occlusive dressing to the chest wall, leaving the fourth side open as a valve.
decompression sickness
A painful condition seen in divers who ascend too quickly, in which gas, especially nitrogen, forms bubbles in blood vessels & other tissues; also called "the bends."
Acidosis
A pathologic condition that results from the accumulation of acids in the body
traumatic asphyxia
A pattern of injuries seen after a severe force is applied to the chest, forcing blood from the great vessels back into the head & neck.
articular cartilage
A pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints.
Sensorineural deafness
A permanent lack of hearing caused by a lesion or damage of the inner ear.
Depression
A persistent mood of sadness, despair, & discouragement; may be a symptom of many different mental & physical disorders,/it may be a disorder on its own.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the returning veteran
A person's altered consciousness can allow him or her to continue functioning under negative conditions.
Cavitation
A phenomenon in which speed causes a bullet to generate pressure waves, which cause damage distant from the bullet's path.
Joint
A place in the body where two bones come together
Tracheostomy tube
A plastic tube placed within the tracheostomy site (stoma).
spontaneous pneumothorax
A pneumothorax that occurs when a weak area on the lung ruptures in the absence of major injury, allowing air to leak into the pleural space.
Toxin
A poison/harmful substance
preeclampsia
A pregnancy complication that is characterized by high blood pressure, headache, visual changes, and swelling of the hands and feet; also called pregnancy-induced hypertension or toxemia of pregnancy.
ectopic pregnancy
A pregnancy hat develops outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube
term gestation
A pregnancy that has reached full term, between 39 weeks and 40 weeks, 6 days.
What other information would be most helpful in determining the treatment of this patient?
A pulse oximetry measurement and a list of medication allergies
What is a wheal?
A raised, swollen, well-defined area on the skin
Wheal
A raised, swollen, well-defined area on the skin resulting from an insect bite/allergic reaction
ventricular tachycardia
A rapid heart rhythm in which the electrical impulse begins in the ventricle (instead of the atrium), which may result in inadequate blood flow & eventually deteriorate into cardiac arrest.
abdominal aortic aneurysm
A rapidly fatal condition in which the walls of the aorta in the abdomen weaken and blood leaks into the layers of the vessel, causing it to bulge
technical rescue situation
A rescue requires special technical skills and equipment in one of many specialized rescue areas, such as technical rope rescue, cave rescue, and dive rescue.
trauma score
A score calculated from 1-16, w/ 16 being the best possible score. It relates to the likelihood of patient survival w/ the exception of a severe head injury. It takes into account the GCS, respiratory rate, respiratory expansion, systolic blood pressure & capillary refill.
apgar score
A scoring system for assessing the status of a newborn that assigns a number value to each of five areas of assessment.
Revised Trauma Score (RTS)
A scoring system used for patients w/ head trauma.
Partial (Focal) Seizure
A seizure affecting a limited portion of the brain
Generalized (colonic-tonic) Seizures
A seizure characterized by severe twitching of all of the body's muscles that may last several minutes of more; formerly known as a grand mal seizure
The patient in this scenario experienced a seizure. What criteria must be met for this patient to have status epilepticus
A seizure lasting greater than 30 minutes
Generalized tonic-clonic seizure
A seizure that feature rhythmic back-and-forth motion of an extremity and body stiffness
Aura
A sensation experienced before a seizure; serves as a warning sign that a seizure is about to occur
excited delirium
A serious behavioral condition in which a person exhibits agitated behavior combined with disorientation, hallucinations,/delusions; also called agitated delirium/exhaustive mania.
Antivenin
A serum that counteracts the effect of venom from an animal/insect.
delirium tremens (DTs)
A severe w/drawal syndrome seen in alcoholics who are deprived of ethyl alcohol; characterized by restlessness, fever, sweating, disorientation, agitation, & seizures; can be fatal if untreated.
Incision
A sharp, smooth cut in the skin.
nondisplaced fracture
A simple crack in the bone that has not caused the bone to move from its normal anatomic position; also called a hairline fracture.
acromioclavicular joint (AC)
A simple joint where the bony projections of the scapula & the clavicle meet at the top of the shoulder.
prolapse of the umbilical cord
A situation in which the umbilical cord comes out of the vagina before the fetus.
bloody show
A small amount of blood at the vagina that appears at the beginning of labor and may include a plug of pink-tinged mucus that is discharged when the cervix begins to dilate.
special weapons and tactics team (SWAT)
A specialized law enforcement tactical unit.
Pediatrics
A specialized medical practice devoted to the care of the young
Ambulances
A specialized vehicle for treating and transporting sick and injured patients
Addiction
A state of overwhelming obsession/physical need to continue the use of a substance.
Coma
A state of profound unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be roused
Symptomatic Hyperglycemia
A state of unconsciousness resulting from several problems including ketoacidosis, dehydration because of the excessive urination & hyperglycemia
Pediatric assessment triangle (PAT)
A structured assessment tool used to rapidly form a general impression of the infant or child without touching him or her; consists of assessing appearance, work of breathing, and circulation to the skin
Opiate
A subset of the opioid family, referring to natural, non-synthetic opioids.
Epineprhone
A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate & blood pressure; the drug choice for an anaphylactic reaction
Sedative
A substance that decreases activity & excitement.
Poison
A substance whose chemical action could damage structures/impair function when introduced into the body.
delirium
A sudden change in mental status marked by the inability to focus, think logically, and maintain attention; this condition is generally acute and reversible
Colostomy
A surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) between the colon and the surface of the body.
Ileostomy
A surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) between the small intestine and the surface of the body.
Tracheostomy
A surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) into the trachea; a stoma in the neck connects the trachea directly to the skin.
Urostomy
A surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) which connects the urinary system to the surface of the skin and allows urine to drain through the abdominal wall.
Shaken baby syndrome
A syndrome seen in abused infants and children; the patient has been subjected to violent, whiplash-type shaking injuries inflicted by the abusing individual that may cause coma, seizures, and increased intracranial pressure due to tearing of the cerebral veins with consequent bleeding into the brain
Opioid
A synthetically produced narcotic medication, drug,/agent similar to the opiate morphine, but not derived from opium; used to relieve pain.
rule of nines
A system that assigns percentages to sections of the body, allowing calculation of the amount of skin surface involved in the burn area.
scuba gear
A system that delivers air to the mouth & lungs at various atmospheric pressures, increasing w/ the depth of the dive; stands for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.
technical rescue group
A team of emergency responders from one or more departments in a region who are trained and on call for certain types of technical rescue.
Delirium
A temporary change in mental status characterized by disorganized thoughts, inattention, memory loss, disorientation, striking changes in personality & affect, hallucinations, delusions,/a decreased level of consciousness
Concussion
A temporary loss/alteration of part/all of the brain's abilities to function w/out actual physical damage to the brain.
Thrombophilia
A tendency toward the development of blood clots as a result of an abnormality of the system of coagulation
Artifact
A tracing on an ECG that is the result of interference such as patient movement, rather than the heart's electrical activity.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
A traumatic insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, & vocational changes.
reverse triage
A triage process in which efforts are focused on those who are in respiratory & cardiac arrest, & different from conventional triage where such patients would be classified as deceased. Used in triaging multiple victims of a lightning strike.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
A type of stroke that occurs as a result of bleeding inside of the brain
Ischemic Stroke
A type of stroke that occurs when blood flow to a particular part of the brain is cut off by a blockage (eg, a blood clot) inside a blood vessel
jugular vein distention
A visual bulging of the jugular veins in the neck that can be caused by fluid overload, pressure in the chest, cardiac tamponade, or tension pneumothorax
aortic aneurysm
A weakness in the wall of the aorta that makes it susceptible to rupture.
vernix caseosa
A white, cheesy substance that covers the body of the fetus.
Which of the following is not one of the leading causes of death in the older population
AIDS
You are called to an automotive body shop for an assault patient. Law enforcement personnel have arrived and declared the scene safe. You and your partner find a man seated in an office holding the left side of his head. The patient was struck on the side of the head with a tire iron during a dispute with another employee. He was unconscious for approx 3 min. your transport time is going to be about 30 min. hat support should you call for, based on your findings
ALS intercept
Assessment of mental status is accomplished through the use of mnemonic
AVPU
Which mnemonic is used to check a patients mental status?
AVPU
To assess a patient's core body temperature, pull back your glove and place the back of you ur hand on the patient's
Abdomen, underneath the clothing
A pediatric patient involved in a drowning emergency may present with
Abdominal distention
Which of the patient's soft-tissue injuries is least likely to result in infection
Abdominal laceration, Burns to the face, & Abrasions to the face
Passage of the fetus and placenta before 20 weeks is called ________
Abortion
simple access
Access that is easily achieved without the use of tools or force.
Linear skull fracture
Account for 80% of skull fractures; also referred to as nondisplaced skull fractures; commonly occur in the temporal-parietal region of the skull; not associated w/ deformities to the skull.
involuntary activities
Actions of the body that are not under a person's conscious control.
voluntary activities
Actions that we consciously perform, in which sensory input/conscious thought determines a specific muscular activity
Which of the following is a function of cerebrospinal fluid
Acts as a shock absorber, bathes the brain and spinal cord, buffers the brain and spinal cord from injury,
Cardiogenic shock can occur within 24 hours of a(n)
Acute myocardial infarction.
The abbreviation AMI stands for _ Myocardial_
Acute, Infarction
What would be your most important initial treatment of this patient?
Administer aspirin if he is not allergic to it
What should you do first
Administer epinephrine
Oropharyngeal airways can be used for
Adults, Children, & infants
Oxygen masks, with and without nonrebreathing bags, should be transparent, disposable, and available in sizes for
Adults, Children, & infants
________ ________, such as living wills, may express the patient's wishes, but these documents are not binding for all health care providers
Advance directives
In case of sexual assault, which of the following is TRUE
Advise the patient not to wash, urinate, or defecate.
arterial air embolism
Air bubbles in the arterial blood vessels.
When assessing a patient with a possible CVA, you should check the ______ first.
Airway
Which of the following is considered a risk factor for suicide
Alcohol abuse, Family history of suicide, depression
The term AMS stands for _ status
Altered Mental
Grunting
An "uh" sound heard during exhalation; reflects the child's attempts to keep the alveoli open; a sign of increased work of breathing
aneurysm
An abnormal enlargement of a part of an artery, resulting from weakening of the arterial wall
Hypoglycemia
An abnormally low blood glucose level
peptic ulcer disease
An abrasion of the stomach or small intestine.
Suspect kidney damage if the patient has a history or physical evidence of all of the following
An abrasion, laceration, or contusion in the flank; a penetrating wound in the region of the slower rib cage or the upped abdomen, fractures on either side of the lower rib cage or the upper abdomen.
tension pneumothorax
An accumulation of air/gas in the pleural cavity that progressively increases pressure in the chest that interferes w/ cardiac function w/ potentially fatal results.
subdural hematoma
An accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater but outside the brain.
epidural hematoma
An accumulation of blood between the skull & the dura mater.
atherosclerosis
An accumulation of fat and cholesterol in the arteries
presbycusis
An age-related condition of the ear that produces progressive bilateral hearing loss that is most noted at higher frequencies
Stimulant
An agent that produces an excited state.
Pertussis
An airborne bacterial infection that affects mostly children younger than 6 years, in which the patient is feverish and exhibits a "whoop" sound on inspiration after a coughing attack; highly contagious through droplet infection. Also called whooping cough
safe zone
An area of protection providing safety from the danger zone (hot zone)
danger zone (hot zone)
An area where people can be exposed to hazards such as electrical wires, sharp metal edges, broken glass, toxic substances, radiation, or fire.
Type 1 Diabetes
An autoimmune disorder in which the individuals immune system produces antibodies to the pancreatic beta cells, & therefore the pancreas cannot produce insulin; onset in early childhood is common
Which patent is most appropriate to receive oral glucose
An elderly woman who reports a history of diabetes.
psychiatric emergency
An emergency in which abnormal behavior threatens a person's own health & safety/the health & safety of another person, for example when a person becomes suicidal, homicidal,/has a psychotic episode.
hypertensive emergency
An emergency situation created by excessively high blood pressure, which can lead to serious complications such as stroke/aneurysm.
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
An evaluation tool used to determine level of consciousness, which evaluates & assigns point values (scores) for eye opening, verbal response, & motor response, which are then totaled; effective in helping predict patient outcomes.
Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)
An event that causes unresponsiveness, cyanosis, and apnea in an infant, who then resumes breathing with stimulation
You have been dispatched to a residence for a 24 yo woman who splashed cooking grease on her arm. As you approach her, she is crying, and yelling that it hurts. Her pulse is 130 bpm and her BP is 126/86 mm hg. You decide that she is not an immediate transport. The secondary assessment would include
An examination of the burned arm
Overdose
An excessive quantity of a drug that, when taken/administered, can have toxic/lethal consequences.
Anaphylaxis
An extreme life-threatening, systemic allergic reaction that may include shock & respiratory failureq
psychiatric disorder
An illness w/ psychological/behavioral symptoms &/ impairment in functioning caused by a social, psychological, genetic, physical, chemical,/biologic disturbance.
blunt trauma
An impact on the body by objects that cause injury w/out penetrating soft tissues/internal organs & cavities.
Work of breathing
An indicator of oxygenation and ventilation; reflects the child's attempt to compensate for hypoxia
urinary tract infection (UTI)
An infection, usually of the lower urinary tract (urethra & bladder) that occurs when normal flora bacteria enter the urethra & grow.
pneumonia
An inflammation of the lung from a bacterial, viral, or fungal cause
Meningitis
An inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord; it is usually caused by a virus or bacterium
Croup
An inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system that may cause a partial airway obstruction and is characterized by a barking cough; usually seen in children
Amputation
An injury in which part of the body is completely severed.
Avulsion
An injury in which soft tissue is torn completely loose/is hanging as a flap.
penetrating wound
An injury resulting from a sharp, pointed object.
crushing injury
An injury that occurs when a great amount of force is applied to the body.
primary (direct) injury
An injury to the brain & its associated structures that is a direct result of impact to the head.
open chest injury
An injury to the chest in which the chest wall itself is penetrated by a fractured rib or, more frequently, by an external object such as a bullet/knife.
closed chest injury
An injury to the chest in which the skin is not broken, usually caused by blunt trauma.
Stroke
An interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
An interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a stroke
Dysrhythmia
An irregular/abnormal heart rhythm.
When blood flow to a part of the brain is cut off by a blockage inside a blood vessel, the result is
An ischemic stroke
sucking chest wound
An open/penetrating chest wall wound through which air passes during inspiration & expiration, creating a sucking sound. See also open pneumothorax.
open pneumothorax
An open/penetrating chest wall wound through which air passes during inspiration & expiration, creating a sucking sound; also referred to as a sucking chest wound.
Stoma
An opening through the skin and into an organ or other structure.
nuchal cord
An umbilical cord that is wrapped around the fetus's neck.
Tripod position
An upright position in which the patient leans forward onto outstretched arms with the head and chin thrust slightly forward
Sniffing position
An upright position in which the patient's head and chin are thrust slightly forward to keep the airway open; the optimum position for the uninjured child who requires airway management
Which one of the following is NOT an appropriate treatment for EMTs to provide to a patient who has a hematologic disorder?
Analgesics for pain
A pediatric patient with hives, wheezing, increased work breathing, and hypoperfusion is likely suffering from
Anaphylaxis
A patient who has a hemoglobin/erythrocyte level that is lower than normal has
Anem
Chest pain does not always mean that a person is having an AMI. When, for a brief period of time, heart tissues are not getting enough oxygen, the pain is called
Angina pectoris
When, for a brief period of time, heart tissues do not get enough oxygen, the pain is called
Angina.
A condition in which a person experiences a loss of appetite is called
Anorexia.
"Hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, and mad as a hatter" describes which of the following conditions
Anticholinergic poisoning
Substances w/in the body that can activate the immune system are called
Antigens
_______ is a serum containing antibodies that counteracts venom
Antivenin
Pupillary response in pediatric patients may be abnormal in the presence of all the following Except
Anxiety
_________ may increase the effort or work of breathing
Anxiety, agitation, and crying
elder abuse
Any action on the part of an older person's family member, caregiver, or other associated person that takes advantage of the older person's person, property, or emotional state
Altered Mental Status
Any deviation from alert &/ oriented to person, place, time, & event,/any deviation from a patient's normal baseline mental status
Projectile
Any object propelled by force, such as a bullet by a weapon.
simple pneumothorax
Any pneumothorax that is free from significant physiologic changes & does not cause drastic changes in the vital signs of the patient.
dysbarism injuries
Any signs & symptoms caused by the difference between the surrounding atmospheric pressure & the total gas pressure in various tissues, fluids, & cavities of the body.
hazardous materials
Any substances that are toxic, poisonous, radioactive, flammable, or explosive and cause injury or death with exposure.
Which of the following would MOST likely result from the third collision in the "three-collision" effect that occurs during a high-speed, frontal impact motor vehicle crash
Aortic rupture/compression injury to the brain
When the chest impacts the steering wheel during a motor vehicle crash w/ rapid deceleration, the resulting injury that kills almost one third of patients, usually w/in seconds, is
Aortic shearing
A pediatric patient with a fever, pain on palpating of the right lower quadrant, and rebound tenderness is likely to be suffering from
Appendicitis
Other than applying a moist, sterile dressing covered w/ a dry dressing to treat an abdominal evisceration, an alternative form of management may include
Applying an occlusive dressing, secured by trauma dressings
Most snake bites occur between _______ and _______ , when the animals are active
April, october
When taking a history on a patient experiencing a gynecologic emergency, you should consider asking
Are you taking birth control, When was your last menstrual period, Do you have any history of sexually transmitted diseases
Blind spots
Areas of the road that are blocked from your sight by your own vehicle or mirrors
Fontanelles
Areas where the neonate's or infant's skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age
The umbilical cord contains two _______ and one _______
Arteries; vein
Most serious diving injuries occur during __________
Ascent
it is time for your annual competency assessment. This test includes knowledge and skills assessments. yo regar to your emt textbook to prepare by answering simple questions provided. If you arrive on the scene of a mass-casualty incident, what is the first thing you should do
Ask for additional resources.
Exposure to cold air, infection, and emotional stress are all triggers of
Asthma
Which of the following is Not an infection that can cause an airway obstruction in pediatric patients
Asthma
A(n) ________ _________ provides a firm surface under the patient's torso so that you can give effective chest compressions
CPR board
The intercostal muscles are innervated from spinal nerves originated in the cervical regions of _______ and _________
C6, C7
Which of the following sets of vital signs is LEAST indicative of internal bleeding
BP, 140/90 mm Hg; pulse rate, 58 beats/min; respirations, 8 breaths/min
You respond to a wooded area to help search for a child who has been missing for approximately 24 hours. Which of the following equipment should you leave in the ambulance
Backboard
Food poisoning is almost always caused by eating food that contains
Bacteria.
You arrive on the scene of a 54-year old female patient complaining of shortness of air & chest discomfort. The patient states that the pain started approximately 4 hours ago & is progressively getting worse. The patient has a previous history of an AMI & hypertension. Patient is also asthmatic. Patient is sitting up in a tripod position. Patient has a respiratory rate of 38bpm & labored, & a pulse rate of 98. Patient's blood pressure is 102/76. Patient has taken 2 nitro tablets w/ little relief. Patient's breath sounds are clear bi laterally. What type of oxygen delivery device would you use for this patient?
Bag Valve mask
Head and neck injuries are common after high-speed collisions in all the following contact sports Except
Basketball
_________ is that you can see a person's response to the environment; his or her actions
Behavior
melena
Black, foul-smelling, tarry stool containing digested blood
Melena
Black, foul-smelling, tarry stool containing digested blood.
The word Hemorrhage means
Bleeding
subarachnoid hemorrhage
Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
What is your primary impression of this patient's emergency
Bleeding of unknown origin
intracerebral hematoma
Bleeding w/in the brain tissue (parenchyma) itself; also referred to as an intraparenchymal hematoma.
An acute myocardial infarction is more likely to occur in the larger, think-walled left ventricle, which needs more ________ than the right ventricle.
Blood and oxygen.
Suspect a possible injury of the urinary blade in all of the following findings
Blood at the urethral opening, blood at the tip of the penis or a stain on the patients underwear, physical signs of trauma on the lower abdomen, pelvis, or perineum.
The term "hematuria" is defined as
Blood in the urine
A fracture of the femur is rare and a major source of ________ in the pediatric population
Blood loss
En route to the emergency department, the patient's condition seems to worsen. Some of his vital signs have changed, while others have not. What is the last vital sign to change in the setting of shock
Blood pressure
The characteristics appearance of blue lips and or finger tips seen in hypothermia is the result of
Blood vessel constricting
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Proper protective equipment will vary depending on the hazards encountered. Which piece of equipment should be utilized during all patient contacts
Blood- and fluid-impermeable gloves
There is a high potential of exposure due to ___________ __________ released during childbirth
Body fluids
When you assess a pediatric patient, it is best to place ________ on the patient's chest to feel the rise and fall of the chest wall
Both hands
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle collision. Your patient is a 42-year-old restrained woman. The air bag deployed, and the woman has abrasions on her face. She is complaining of pain to both her chest and abdomen. Her airway is open and respirations are within normal limits. Her pulse is a little rapid but strong and regular. She has distal pulses. In assessing this patient, the following statements are true
Bowel sounds may help confirm findings; palpation is typically performed first with light touch; if you find an entry wound, you should always assess for an exit wound.
All the following are signs associated with pneumonia in pediatric patients Except
Bradycardia
Which of the following organs can RAPIDLY suffer permanent damage when the body's glucose level is too low
Brain
Which of the following organs can rapidly sustain permanent damage when the body's glucose level is too low
Brain
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road where a single vehicle us up on an embankment. The vehicle has front-end damage and a starred windshield. The unrestrained driver is lying supine in the road; the police report that they found the patient outside of the vehicle. He is unconscious & has depression if the left temporal area, both eyes are black & blue, and one pupil is dilated whereas the other is normal. The patient has blood coming from the nose & mouth, & palpation reveals subcutaneous emphysema around the clavicles & chest area. The patient's breaking is labored, & the pulse is rapid & thready. The unequal pupils most likely indicate what type of injury
Brain
The organs most severely affected by air embolism are the
Brain and spinal cord
The ______ controls the most basic functions of the body, such as breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and pupil constriction
Brain stem
Preterm or false labor is commonly referred to as ___________ ___________ contractions
Braxton-Hicks
raccoon eyes
Bruising around the eyes, indicative of a basilar skull fracture
Battle sign
Bruising behind an ear over the mastoid process that may indicate a skull fracture.
You respond to the local rodeo arena for a bull rider. The scene is safe, and the patient is lying unconscious in the middle of the arena. His airway is open and he is breathing 20 breaths/min. His pulse is 128 beats/min and blood pressure is 110/64 mmHg. There is no obvious bleeding. Bystanders tell you he was thrown into the air and landed on the bull's head. He was not wearing a vest. Which of the following is indicated in blunt trauma to the chest
Bruising of the lungs and heart, Fracture of whole areas of the chest wall, & Damage to the aorta
Which of the following is Not a sign of severe dehydration in pediatric patients
Bulging fontanelles
The first symptoms of Lyme disease are generally fever and flulike symptoms, sometimes associated with a ________ rash
Bull'seye
thermal burns
Burns caused by heat.
Full-thickness (third degree) burn-
Burns that affect all skin layers & may affect the subcutaneous layers, muscle, bone, & internal organs, leaving the area dry, leathery, & white, dark brown,/charred.
partial thickness (second degree) burn
Burns that affect the epidermis & some portion of the dermis but not the subcutaneous tissue, characterized by blisters & skin that is white to red, moist, & mottled.
The lumen of an artery may be partially or completely blocked by the blood-clotting system due to a _________ that exposes the inside of the atherosclerotic wall.
Crack.
The head is divided into two parts; the face & the
Cranium
if the patient's head injuries are significant enough to cause a traumatic brain injury, the patient may begin signs of _ _: increased blood pressure, decreased heart rate & irregular respirations such as Cheyne-Stokes respiration & Biot's respirations
Cushing's triad
Your patient has his penis caught in his zipper. What do you need to do to relieve pressure
Cut the zipper out of the pants
A patient experienced a severe compression to the chest when trapped between a vehicle & brick wall. You suspect traumatic asphyxia due to the hemorrhage into the sclera of his eyes & which other sign
Cyanosis in the face & neck
The medical term for inflammation of the urinary bladder is
Cystitis.
What is an initial consideration specific to this case
Call for a female EMT
The ___________ are tiny blood vessels that are approximately one cell think.
Capillaries.
An incident in which you have more than one patient complaining of a headache may indicate:
Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Sudden death is usually the result of _________, in which the heart fails to generate an effective blood flow.
Cardiac arrest.
On the basis of the information given, the patient is most likely experiencing which type of shock?
Cardiogenic
The _____ and ______ systems are the most commonly injured during a lightening strike
Cardiovascular, nervous
What does the DOPE mnemonic help you to recognize
Causes of airway obstruction
What are the two main components of blood?
Cells and plasma
Playing the piano is coordinated by the ________
Cerebellum
Most spinal injuries in diving incidents affect the
Cervical spine
What is the narrowest portion of the uterus
Cervix
Histamines
Chemical substance released by the immune system in allergic reactions that are responsible for many of the symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as vasodilation
name the order of straps when securing the patient to a long spine board
Chest, pelvis, Head & legs
Preschool-age
Children between ages 3 to 6 years
School-age
Children between ages 6 to 12 years
Adolescents
Children between the ages of 12 and 18 years old.
Which of the following populations is at the greatest risk for contracting meningitis
Children who have head trauma
All the following are common causes of a fever in pediatric patients Except
Cholecystitis
Which of the following is NOT a cause of congestive heart failure
Chronic hypotension.
Burns in elderly abuse typically result from which of the following
Cigarettes, Matches, hot liquids
Name one of the two Prehospital Stroke Scales in the book
Cincinnati
The patient was exhibiting slurred speech, facial droop, and an inability to move his left arm. Which neurologic examination emphasizes these possible stroke signs
Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale
Perfusion
Circulation of blood w/in an organ/tissue in adequate amounts to meet current needs of the cells.
There are three types of soft-tissue injuries
Closed injuries, Open injuries, & Burns
cataracts
Clouding of the lens of the eye or its surrounding transparent membranes
Never assume that a(n) ________ , pulseless patient is dead
Cold
Incidents involving the death of a child pose extra stress on EMS workers. Which of the following is Not a sign of post-traumatic stress
Cold intolerance
Which of the following statements may help you provide care for Charlie
Come with me, and let's go to a place where they can help you.
What improves a patient's quality of life shortly before death
Comfort care
Bends
Common name for decompression sickness
A 14-year-old baseball player was hit in the chest w/ a line drive. He is in cardiac arrest. Which of the following is the most likely explanation
Commotio cordis
Strangulation
Complete obstruction of blood circulation in a given organ as a result of compression/entrapment; an emergency situation causing death of tissue.
cardiac tamponade (pericardial tamponade)
Compression of the heart as the result of buildup of blood/other fluid in the pericardial sac, leading to decreased cardiac output.
Hydroplaning
Condition in which the tires of a vehicle may be lifted off the road surface as water "piles up" under them, making the vehicle feel as though it is floating
A man has been sucked inside the bin of a grain silo and is trapped. Which of the following rescue teams is the MOST appropriate to request
Confined space rescue
The term CHF stands for
Congestive Heart Failure
In addition to angina and myocardial infarction, nitroglycerin can be used to treat
Congestive heart failure.
When treating a patient with an amputation of the penile shaft, your top priority is
Controlling bleeding
A young male was struck in the forearm w/ a baseball & complains of pain to the area. Slight swelling & ecchymosis are present, but no external bleeding. Which type of injury does this describe
Contusion
When a person is exposed to cold temperatures & strong winds for an extended period of time, he/she will lose heat mostly by
Convection
Evaporation
Conversion of water/another fluid from a liquid to a gas.
A 56-year-old man has an acute myocardial infarction. Which of the following blood vessels become blocked & led to his condition?
Coronary arteries
When treating a patient with an evisceration, you should
Cover the protruding contents with moist, sterile gauze compresses
During your assessment of a patient who was stabbed, you see an open wound to the left anterior chest. Your MOST immediate action should be to
Cover the wound w/ an occlusive dressing
During the delivery, be careful that you do not poke your fingers into the infant's eyes or into the two soft spots, called ________________, on the head
Fontanelles
Shigella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus are associated with what type of poisoning
Food
The most common trigger of anaphylaxis is
Food
rate and quality
For a patient with suspected internal bleeding, you should assess circulation by checking the pulse for:
A person who was eating prior to having a seizure may have a _________ ________ ________
Foreign body obstruction
How many triage categories are there in the JumpStart system
Four
Frostbite
Damage to tissues as the result of exposure to cold; frozen/partially frozen body parts are frostbitten.
Infarction
Death of a body tissue, usually caused by interruption of its blood supply.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Death of an infant or young child that remains unexplained after a complete autopsy
The three phases of a dive, in the order they occur, are
Decent, bottom, and ascent
In a diving emergency, ________ occurs when bubbles of gas, especially nitrogen, obstruct the blood vessels
Decompression sickness
Young children can compensate for fluid losses by
Decreasing blood flow to the extremities
Kussmual Respirations
Deep, rapid breathing; usually the result of accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body
anemic
Describes a condition in which the patient has too few red blood cells, resulting in a decreased ability to transport oxygen throughout the body via the bloodstream.
If you have completed your primary assessment and transport decision on an unresponsive patient with a significant mechanism of injury, what components should be included in the secondary assessment
Detailed, comprehensive exam
When assessing a patient with a history of seizure activity, it is important to:
Determine whether this episode differs from any previous seizures
CPR board
Device that provides a firm surface under the patient's torso
gestational diabetes
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before pregnancy.
Careful documentation is always important. What information should NOT be included in your patient care report
Diagnosis
Which of the following is Not a question you would ask if you suspected a poisoning emergency
Did the substance have an odor?
What is the most desired effect of nitroglycerin?
Dilates blood vessels
ventricular fibrillation
Disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles, resulting in no blood flow & a state of cardiac arrest.
Whenever a person dives or jumps into very cold water, the __________ may cause immediate bradycardia
Diving reflex
it is time for your annual competency assessment. This test includes knowledge and skills assessments. yo regar to your emt textbook to prepare by answering simple questions provided. If you are on an emergency call with your warning lights and siren turned on, you may be allowed to do which of the following
Drive faster than the posted speed limit.
Patients with diabetes who overexert themselves are prone to rapid
Drops in their blood glucose levels
Once the infant is completely delivered, you should
Dry and wrap the infant in a blanket. Keep the infant at the level of the vagina until the umbilical cord is cut. use sterile gauze and wipe out the infant's mouth.
coup contrecoup injury
Dual impacting of the brain into the skull; coup injury occurs at the point of impact; contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of impact, as the brain rebounds.
symptoms that persist for longer than 24 hours
Dysarthria.
While palpating the radial pulse of a 56-year-old man w/ chest pain, you note that the pulse rate is 86 beats/min & irregular. This indicates
Dysrhythmia.
________ _________ are responsible for providing immediate assessment and treatment of injured people at rescue scenes
EMS personnel
The links in the chain of survival include all of the following EXCEPT
Early administration of nitroglycerin.
The leading cause of maternal death in the first trimester is internal hemorrhage into the abdomen following rupture of a (n) _________________
Ectopic pregnancy
Which of the following can cause vaginal bleeding
Ectopic pregnancy, Spontaneous abortion, & Trauma
Severe abrasion injuries can occur when motorcycle riders are slowed after a collision by road drag. Road drag is most often associated w/ which type of motorcycle impact
Ejection
Because the oxygen supply to the heart is diminished with angina, the ____________ can become compromised, putting the person at risk for significant cardiac rhythm problems.
Electrical system.
Which of the following is Not a common exposure when dealing with pediatric burns
Electrocution from poor wiring
Signs and symptoms of shock include all of the following EXCEPT
Elevated blood pressure.
trauma emergencies
Emergencies that are the result of physical forces applied to a patient's body.
medical emergencies
Emergencies that require EMS attention because of illnesses/conditions not caused by an outside force.
The mnemonic DUMBELS can be used to recall the signs & symptoms of a cholinergic drug poisoning. The "E" in DUMBELS stands for
Emesis.
Evaporation, the conversion of a liquid to a gas, is a process that requires
Energy
_______ takes place in the solid organs
Energy production.
Which of the following changes in heart function occur in patients with CHF?
Enlargement of the left ventricle.
complex access
Entry that requires special tools and training and includes the use of force.
Coelenterates are responsible for more ______ than any other marine animals
Envenomations
Which of the following is NOT one of the five common allergen categories
Environments
The _ is the tough, external layer that forms a watertight covering for the body
Epidermis
Angina pain may be felt in the
Epigastrium.
Dilantin and Tegretol are medicines used to control _________ __________
Epileptic seizures
Which medication should be administered first for this patient
Epinephrine
Which of the following is Not a sign of increased work of breathing in pediatric patients
Equal chest expansion
When administering nitroglycerin to a patient, you should make sure the patient has not taken any medications for __________ in the last 24 hours.
Erectile dysfunction.
Based on the patient's presentation and your initial assessment findings you suspect
Esophageal varices
An open wound to the abdomen in which organs protrude through the wall to the outside of the body is called a(n)
Evisceration
Polyphagia
Excessive eating; in diabetes, the inability to use glucose properly can cause a sense of hunger
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst that persists for long periods, despite reasonable fluid intake; often the result of excessive urination
Hemorrhage
Excessive/profuse bleeding
Access
Gaining entry to an enclosed area and reaching a patient.
Which of the following is NOT a solid organ
Gallbladder
Which of the following are components of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale
Facial symmetry, speech, arm drift
Due to hormonal changes that cause joints in the musculoskeletal system to "loosen," a pregnant patient has a greater risk of __________
Falls.
If the cells do not receive glucose, they will begin to metabolize
Fat
5. Which of the following statements regarding febrile seizures is correct
Febrile seizures usually last less than 15 minutes and often do not have a postictal phase.
Which of the following is a normal reaction to a crisis situation
Feeling blue after the break up of a long-term relationship
meconium
Fetal stool. When appearing as a dark green material in the amniotic fluid, it can indicate distress or disease in the newborn; it can be aspirated into the fetus's lungs during delivery.
Air ambulances
Fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters that have been modified for medical care; used to evacuate and transport patients with life-threatening injuries to treatment facilities
ascites
Fluid in the abdomen
______ burns can occur when skin is exposed to temperatures higher than _____ degrees F
thermal, 111
Burns are diffuse soft-tissue injuries created by destructive energy transfers from all of the following sources
thermal, radiation, & electrical sources
Which of the following statements about heat cramps is
they may be seen in well-conditioned athletes, the exact cause of heat cramps is not well understood, & dehydration may play a role in the development of heat cramps
Which of the following statements is false regarding patients with autism
they will talk with normal tone and speech patterns
dissociative PTSD
this occurs when the person attempts to find an escape from constant internal distress or a particularly disturbing event.
A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. How many collisions took place
three
How many EMTs are required to immobilize a standing patient
three
Meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain & spinal cord
When caring for a patient with severe epistaxis, the MOST effective way to prevent aspiration of blood is to
tilt the patient's head forward while he or she is leaning forward.
DKA may develop as a result of
too little insulin
An older person may have a decreased sense of _________ and _________ perception from the loss of end nerve fibers
touch, pain
Air is supplied to the lungs via the
trachea
The ______ connects the oropharynx and the larynx with the main air passages of the lungs
trachea
In-line ___ is the act of exerting a pulling force on a body structure in the direction of its normal alignment
traction
Blunt
trauma is the result of force to the body that causes injury w/out penetrating the soft tissues/internal organs & body cavities.
An unrestrained driver collided w/ a bridge pillar. Upon inspection of the interior of his vehicle, you note that the lower dashboard is crushed. During your assessment of the patient, you will MOST likely encounter
trauma to the pelvis.
A severing of the aorta that can occur when the body is exposed to _________
traumatic forces
Which of the following is not considered a specialized rescue situation
truck rescue
When attempting simple access into a vehicle, you should
try opening the doors using the door handles first
You and you partner are called to a private residence for a woman in labor. On arrival, you find a 27 year old woman lying on the living room couch and she appears to be having a contraction. As you deliver the head, you observe the umbilical cord wrapped once around the neck. What should you do
try to slip the cord gently over the head
All of the following are common specific gastrointestinal problems in the elderly except
ulcerative colitis
Anisocoria
unequal diameter of pupils
Paradoxial motion of the chest refers to
unequal expansion of the chest wall
Common causes of altered mental status includes all of the following Except:
unequal pupils
it is time for your annual competency assessment. This test includes knowledge and skills assessments. yo regar to your emt textbook to prepare by answering simple questions provided. When responding to a scene where smoke or possible hazardous materials are present it is best to park
uphill and upwind.
Upon arrival at a scene where hazardous materials are involved, you should park the ambulance
upwind from the scene.
The _______ system is responsible for filtering waste
urinary
17 year old girl was hit in the chest with a lawn dart, she is conscious and able to talk, her airway is open, but her breathing is becoming progressively more difficult. her pulse is rapid and weak and she has a radial pulse. Upon examining of her chest you find a penetrating injury with a sucking sound as she breaths, how do you manage this wound
use a occlusive dressing
You and your partner are assigned to a post at an extreme sports competition. You are called to asses a 23 year old man who was performing an air trick on his bike when he lost control and landed on the bottom of the concrete ramp. When you arrive, the patient is wake and alert and in extreme pain. He tells you he flew over his handlebars and felt both of his upper legs snap. He denies experiencing any loss of consciousness. you found instability in the pelvis during your assesment. how ill you move this patient to your stretcher
use a scoop stretcher
You & your partner are traveling to the headquarters for your monthly in-service training session when you are dispatched to the home of an 18 year old woman w/ a high fever. The dispatcher tells you the patient has autism. If transport is required in this case, you should
use gestures the patient can understand and explain what is happening.
Removal of a tick should be accomplished by
using fine tweezers to pull it straight out of the skin
In contrast to a hyperglycemic crisis, a hypoglycemic crisis
usually responds immediately after treatment.
You and you partner are called to a private residence for a woman in labor. On arrival, you find a 27 year old woman lying on the living room couch and she appears to be having a contraction. The patient tells you that she is 38 weeks pregnant and her water broke when she was walking to the kitchen to get a drink. She says that she began experiencing contractions shortly afterward. The onset of labor began when the
uterine contractions began
Which of the following is not a disease prevention strategy that people living in poverty are lacking
vaccinations
birth canal
vagina and cervix
___________ can cause significant blood loss and lead to hypovolemia
vaginal bleeding
Fracture of the tibia and fibula are sometimes associated with ___ as a result of the distorted positions of the limb following injury
vascular injury
The negative effects associated w/ anaphylactic shock are the result of
vasodilation & bronchoconstriction.
a sickle cell-related issue that results in unintentional clot formation is know as
vasoocclusive crisis
Blood enters the right atrium from the
vena cava
_________ is the body's ability to move air in and out of the chest and lung tissue
ventilation
you and your partner are called for a 25-year-old man who was found unresponsive by two hikers in a remote area of a national forest. on arrival, you observe a young man lying supine on the ground with a liquor bottle nearby. despite near freezing temperatures he is dressed in a t-shirt and jeans. Rough handling of a patient with severe hypothermia may result in which of the following
ventricular fibrillation
the GCS scale contains 3 main categories: eye opening, _, & best motor response
verbal response
________ is usually the cause of secondary collapse in a trench collapse
vibration
distention of the abdomen is gauged by
visualization
To reduce the occurrence of spina bifida, pregnant women are advised to take _______ _______
vitamin b
Which of the following statements is false regarding the care of a patient with cerebral palsy
walkers or wheelchairs should not be taken in the ambulance
signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include
warm, dry skin and altered mental status
The main objectives in directing traffic include
warning other drivers, preventing additional crashes, keeping vehicles moving in an orderly fashion
When caring for a patient with a previous head injury, you should
watch the patient for signs of anxiety
Signs and symptoms of severe systemic hypothermia include all of the following
weak pulse, coma, very slow respirations
While en route to a call for a major motor vehicle collision, the MOST important safety precaution(s) that you and your partner can take is/are
wearing seat belts and shoulder harnesses at all times.
The brain decreases in terms of ___________ and volume as a person ages
weight
Vehicle size and _________ will greatly influence braking and stopping distances
weight
Kinetic energy is a calculation of
weight & speed.
Clues that might indicate elderly abuse would include all of the following except
weight gain
The most important piece of information to establish immediately when responding to a skilled nursing facility is determining
what is wrong with the patient
what does the m stand for in sample medications
what medications is the patient currently taking
Which of the following would be a typical question to ask when taking a history on a woman in labor
when is your due date, did your physician mention the possibility of any complications, & is this your first pregnancy
What device is placed directly into the stomach to feed patients
Gastrostomy tube
A _____ is typically characterized by unconsciousness and a generalized severe twitching of all of the body's muscle that lasts several minutes or longer
Generalized seizure
You are called to a 16 yo girl who was injured in a basketball game. She is alert and oriented. Her airway is open, and respirations are within normal limits. Her pulse is strong and regular. Distal pulses are present. She states that she felt her ankle pop and immediately became nauseated. You decide to assess neurovascular status. When would you perform the motor test
when the patient walks away, when you feel a distal pulse, & when the patient feels your touch
When assessing a patient w/ a behavioral crisis, your primary concern must be
whether the patient will cause harm to you/your partner.
glomerulonephritis
which of the following is NOT a common disease that produces signs of an acute abdomen
Blood contains all
white blood cells, plasma, & platelets
Which of the following is Not a known risk factor for SIDS
Gestational diabetes
Nitroglycerin is contraindicated in patients
with a systolic blood pressure less than 100 mm Hg.
multigravida
woman who has been pregnant more than once
Exceptions to using a short spinal extraction device include all of the following
you or the patient is in danger, need to gain immediate access to other patients, the patient's injuries justify immediate removal.
Which of the following statements regarding multiple gestations is
you should consider the possibility of twins when the first infant is small and the mother's abdomen remains fairly large after the birth, you should record the time of birth on each twin separately, & the second baby will usually be born within 45 minutes of the first
When handling a delivery involving a drug- or alcohol-addicted mother, your first concern should be for
your personal safety
Endocrine Glands
Glands that secrete/release chemicals that are used inside of the body
The _ _scale uses eye opening, verbal response, & motor response to rate a patient's level of consciousness
Glasgow Coma
All patients with an altered mental status should have an ________ ________ _______ score
Glasgow Coma Scale
The _______ uses eye opening, verbal response, and motor response to rate a patient's level of consciousness
Glasgow Coma Scale
When the concentration of glucose drops in the blood, the body will release ________________, a hormone that will assist other organs in the process of converting stored sugars into usable sugars
Glucagon
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which the body's ability to metabolize __________________ is impaired
Glucose
Which of the following treatments would be appropriate for Charlie
Glucose, if his blood glucose level is low
The brain is most sensitive to _____, ______, and ______ levels.
Glucose, oxygen, and temperature
Painful urination associated with burning and a yellowish discharge is associated with
Gonorrhea
Physical findings of AMI include skin that is _______ because of poor cardiac output and the loss of perfusion.
Gray.
Three ambulances respond to a golf course where a group of six golfers were struck by lighting. Two of the golfers are conscious & alert w/ superficial skin burns (Group 1). The next two golfers have minor fractures & appear confused (Group 2). The last two golfers are in cardiac arrest (Group 3). According to reverse triage, which group of golfers should be treated FIRST
Group 3
The patient tenses his abdominal muscles during your assessment. This is called
Guarding
A 40-year-old man, who was the unrestrained driver of a car that hit a tree at a high rate of speed, struck the steering wheel w/ his chest. He has a large bruise over the sternum & an irregular pulse rate of 120 beats/min. You should be MOST concerned that he
Has injured his myocardium
You are called to the local bar where a fight has taken place. The police department tells you that you have a 36 year old man who has been stabbed twice in the abdomen. On arrival, the patient is alert and oriented. His airway is open. His respirations are at 24 great/min; pulse is rapid, regular, and weak. He has distal pulses. With the penetrating trauma,you should assume that the object has done all of the following
Has penetrated the peritoneum, has entered the abdominal cavity, has possibly injured one or more organs
The assessment of a patient with a hematologic disorder is the same as it is with all other patients an EMT will encounter. In addition to obtaining a SAMPLE history, EMTs should ask which of the following questions?
Have you had a crisis before?, When was the last time you had a crisis? & How did your crisis resolve?
The patient has a loss of consciousness on the way to the hospital. When you check, you cannot feel a pulse. What should you do
Have your partner pull over the ambulance and come back to help you with CPR and the AED
What is the significant concern in his story about the IED
He believes it was an IED rather than fireworks.
You and your partner are called to an elementary school for an 8-year-old boy with an altered mental status. You find the child lying supine on the cafeteria floor. A teacher is waiting with the patient and the scene is safe. The teacher states that the child finished his lunch and began "shaking" in his chair, at which point the teacher moved him to the floor. Your general impression provides the following, there are no life threats, he is alert, his work of breathing is unlabored. His skin color is pink. His airway is open and clear, his respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min and his pulse rate are 90. The child is responsive to verbal stimuli and is confused as to what happened and where he is. You do not see any injuries or skin rashes. The teacher tells you the child has a history of seizures and had a medication change. Which of the following would be the least likely cause of a seizure
Head Injury
You and your partner are called to an elementary school for an 8-year-old boy with an altered mental status. You find the child lying supine on the cafeteria floor. A teacher is waiting with the patient and the scene is safe. The teacher states that the child finished his lunch and began "shaking" in his chair, at which point the teacher moved him to the floor. Your general impression provides the following, there are no life threats, he is alert, his work of breathing is unlabored. His skin color is pink. His airway is open and clear, his respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min and his pulse rate are 90. The child is responsive to verbal stimuli and is confused as to what happened and where he is. You do not see any injuries or skin rashes. Which of the following would be the least likely cause of the patient's altered mental status
Head injury
All of the following are common signs & symptoms of cardiac ischemia, EXCEPT
Headache
Patients with a subarachnoid hemorrhage typically complain of a sudden severe.
Headache
Conductive hearing loss
Hearing loss caused by a faulty transmission of sound waves.
The first sign of hypovolemic shock is a change in
Heart rate
Which of the following is a component of the cardiovascular system
Heart, Venules, & Plasma
Toxins from the spines of urchins and stingrays are _________
Heat sensitive
The least common but most serious illness caused by heat exposure, occurring when the body is subjected to more heat than it can handle and normal mechanisms for getting rid of the excess heat are overwhelmed, is
Heatstroke
Your partner notes blood in the patient's vomit. The medical term for this is
Hematemesis
A(n) _______ is usually associated with extensive tissue damage
Hematoma
Weakness in one side of the body is known as :
Hemiperesis
Is the least common type of stroke, accounting for more than 80% of all strokes combined.
Hemorrhagic stroke
Because solid organs have a rich supply of blood, any injury can result in major
Hemorrhaging.
As you assess the patient, you notice he has pinpoint pupils. You suspect a drug overdose. What drug is the likely cause of this phenomenon
Heroin
A patient at an altitude above 8,000feet (3048m) with shortness of breath and cough with pink sputum is likely to be suffering from __________
High-altitude pulmonary edema
A 70-year-old man is experiencing a severe nosebleed. When you arrive, you find him leaning over a basin, which contains an impressive amount of blood. He has a history of coronary artery disease, diabetes, and migraine headaches. His BP is 180/100 and his heart rate is 100 beats/min. Which of the following is the MOST likely contributing factor to his nosebleed
His blood pressure
Why would nitroglycerin be contraindicated for this patient?
His blood pressure is too low
Which of the following points given by the neighbor is the most important to your care
His wife said he has had constant angry outbursts.
What possible chemical is being released into this patient's body during this reaction
Histamine
Two of the chemicals that contribute to an allergic reaction are leukotrienes &
Histamines
The endocrine system is complex message & control system that includes a network of glands, & secrete messengers called
Hormones
Behavior
How a person functions/acts in response to his/her environment.
________ (bees, wasp, ants, and yellow jackets) stings are painful but are not medical emergencies unless the patient is allergic to the venom
Hymenoptera
A form of acidosis seen in uncontrolled diabetes is called (DKA)/diabetic ketoacidosis is seen in patients w/
Hyperglycemia
The following conditions may simulate a stroke Except:
Hyperglycemia
Signs of shock in children include all of the following Except
Hypertension
Which of the following is Not a common cause of altered mental status in pediatric patients
Hypertension
When heat gain exceeds heat loss, _______ result(s)
Hyperthermia
Consider the possibility of _____ in a patient who has had a seizure.
Hypoglycemia
This patient appears to be suffering from a stroke and a seizure. What condition mimics a stroke and also causes a seizure
Hypoglycemia
Which of the following is a metabolic cause for a seizure
Hypoglycemia
Upon arrival at the residence of a young male w/ an apparent emotional crisis, a police officer tells you that the man is acting bizarrely. You find him sitting on his couch; he is conscious, but confused. He takes medications, but cannot remember why. His skin is pale & diaphoretic, & he has noticeable tremors to his hands. You should FIRST rule out
Hypoglycemia.
Tachycardia in pediatric patients may be an indication of all the following Except
Hypothermia
The type _________ ambulance is a standard van with a forward-control integral cab body
II
When would you NOT give activated charcoal
If the patient drank gasoline
Even when seatbelts are worn properly & the airbags deploy, injury may occur to the
Iliac crests
anterograde amnesia
Inability to remember events after an injury.
An altered mental status may arise from
Inadequate blood flow to the brain
_________ is a loss of bowel and bladder control and can be due to a generalized seizure
Incontinence
Risk factors for myocardial infarction include all of the following EXCEPT
Increased activity level.
Which of the following is part of Cushing's triad
Increased bp, decreased pulse rate, irregular respirations
Headaches, vomiting, altered mental status, and seizures are all considered early signs of?
Increased intracranial pressure
Which of the following effects does drinking alcohol NOT produce
Increased sense of awareness
Dilation of the coronary arteries ________ blood flow.
Increases.
The rate and amount of heat loss by the body can be modified by all of the following
Increasing heat production, moving to an area where heat loss is decreased, & wearing insulated clothing
Diverticulitis
Inflammation in small pockets at weak areas in the muscle walls.
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder.
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the bronchioles that usually occurs in children younger than 2 years and is often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas.
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
Tracheitis
Inflammation of the trachea
Appendicitis
Inflammation/infection of the appendix.
The husband arrives and is very upset that you are considering transport. What is the best thing you can do
Inform him his wife has a a potentially life-threatening condition
closed injuries
Injuries in which damage occurs beneath the skin/mucous membrane but the surface remains intact.
axial loading injuries
Injuries in which load is applied along the vertical/longitudinal axis of the spine, which results in load being transmitted along the entire length of the vertebral column; for example, falling from a height & landing on the feet in an upright position.
Burns
Injuries in which soft-tissue damage occurs as a result from thermal heat, frictional heat, toxic chemicals, electricity,/nuclear radiation.
open injuries
Injuries in which there is a break in the surface of the skin/the mucous membrane, exposing deeper tissue to potential contamination.
penetrating trauma
Injury caused by objects, such as knives & bullets, that pierce the surface of the body & damage internal tissues & organs.
closed head injury
Injury in which the brain has been injured but the skin has not been broken & there is no obvious bleeding.
open head injury
Injury to the head often caused by a penetrating object in which there may be bleeding & exposed brain tissue.
pulmonary contusion
Injury/bruising of lung tissue that results in hemorrhage.
Developmental disability
Insufficient development of the brain, resulting in some level of dysfunction or impairment.
The central problem in diabetes is the lack/ineffective action of_ , a homrone that is normally produced by the endocrine glands on the pancreas
Insulin
Which of the following may be difficult to perform on a patient with Down syndrome
Intubation
Guarding
Involuntary muscle contractions (spasm) of the abdominal wall; an effort to protect the inflamed abdomen.
In any case of trauma to a female patient, you should always determine if the patient
Is pregnant
All patient assessments begin by determining whether the patient
Is responsive.
Which of the following is a risk factor to consider when assessing a suicidal patient
Is the environment unsafe?, Is there an imminent threat to the patient or others?, Is there evidence of self-destructive behavior?
When performing a history on a patient with abdominal trauma, all of the following questions would be appropriate regarding trauma
Is there any blood in your stool? Does your pain go anywhere? Do you have any nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea?
Vasocclusive Crisis
Ischemia & pain caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells that obstruct blood flow to a portion of the body
Which of the following occurs when blood flow to a particular part of the brain is cut off by a blockage resulting in tissue damage
Ischemic Stroke
The two main types of strokes are _______ and ________
Ischemic and hemorrhagic
Tissues downstream from a blood clot will suffer from lack of oxygen. If blood flow is resumed in a short time, the _________ tissues will recover.
Ischemic.
What purpose does a one-way "flutter valve" serve when used on a patient w/ an open pneumothorax
It allows the release of air trapped in the pleural space
Statements regarding the "Adam's apple"
It is formed by the thyroid cartilage, It is the uppermost part of the larynx, & It is more prominent in men than in women
Which of the following statements about helicopters is true
It is possible that the main rotor blade will dip to within 4 feet of the ground.
The formula for calculating kinetic energy is _______
KE=1/2m x v2 (squared)
What do vagal nerve stimulators do
Keep seizures from occurring, Act as an alternative treatment to seizure medicine
You are dispatched to a bar to respond to a fight. The police hace cleared the scene & it is safe for you to enter. You see a man, conscious & alert. His face is mottled w/ blisters & abrasions, & he has blood on his shirt. He tells you was trying to stop the fight when he was hit in the face w/ scalding hot coffee & then he fell backward into a chair. Physical examination shows a jagged laceration measuring approximately 2 inches on his abdomen. It is still bleeding, you notice bruising on the right lateral chest. Vital signs are stable. The priority in treating a patient is to
Keep the airway open
Cushion of safety
Keeping a safe distance between your vehicle and other vehicles on any side of you
The formula for calculating kinetic energy is
Kenetic energy= ½ mass x velocity2
When the body is w/out a supply of glucose, the body must turn to other fuel sources, the most abundant being fat. Unfortunately, when fat is used as an immediate fuel source, chemicals called _ & fatty acids are formed as waste products & are hard for the body to excrete
Ketones
A 16-year-old boy was playing football & was struck in the left flank during a tackle. His vital signs are stable; however, he is in severe pain. You should be MOST concerned that he has injured his
Kidney
You respond to an 18-year old high school football player who was hit in the right flank with a helmet several hours ago. He is complaining of pain in the area. He is alert and oriented, His airway is open, and his respirations are within normal limits. His pulse is rapid and regular. He has a radial pulse. He tells you that he is noticing blood in his urine. Based on this information, the patient is likely to have an injury to the
Kidney
The solid organs of the urinary system include the
Kidneys
Disinfection
Killing of pathogenic agents by direct application of chemicals
High-level disinfection
Killing of pathogenic agents by using potent means of disinfection
The energy of a moving object is called
Kinetic energy
_______ is the body's reaction to inhaling small amounts of water
Laryngospasm
You will need to work together with __________ when dealing with a victim of sexual assault
Law enforcement
Turbinates
Layers of bone w/in the nasal cavity.
The aorta receives its blood supply from the
Left ventricle.
You are transporting a patient w/ possible peritonitis following trauma to the abdomen. Which position will he MOST likely prefer to assume
Legs drawn up
A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. A comprehensive regional resource capable of providing every aspect of trauma care from prevention through rehabilitation is the definition of a ___________ trauma center
Level 1
_______ is the third most common cause of death from isolated environmental phenomena
Lightening
The largest organ in the abdomen is the
Liver
Which of the following organs would be the MOST likely to bleed profusely if severely injured
Liver
Angioedema
Localized areas of swelling beneath the skin, often around the eyes & lips, but it can also involve other body areas as well
Traction
Longitudinal force applied to a structure.
Incontinence
Loss of bowel &/ bladder control; may be the result of a generalized seizure
Abrasion
Loss/damage of the superficial layer of skin as a result of a body part rubbing/scraping across a rough/hard surface.
supine hypotensive syndrome
Low blood pressure resulting from compression of the inferior vena cava by the weight of the pregnant uterus when the mother is supine.
What is the most common presenting sign of PID
Lower abdominal pain
What is the most common presenting sign or symptom of PID
Lower abdominal pain (and PID Shuffle)
A cervical collar should be applied to a patient with a possible spinal injury based on
MOI, history, signs and symptoms
On the basis of the patient's condition, what should you be most concerned with
Maintaining the ABCs
A 19-year-old diabetic male was found unresponsive on the couch by his roommate. After confirming that the patient is unresponsive, you should
Manually open his airway
The term MOI stands for
Mechanism of injury
Medivac
Medical evacuation of a patient by helicopter
The onset of menstruation is called
Menarche
The principal difference between a patient who has had a stroke and s patient with hypoglycemia almost always has to do with the:
Mental status
______ are the second most common type of headache and are thought to be caused by changes in blood vessel size in the base of the brain
Migraine headaches
Typically linked to a psychological or behavioral crisis
Mind-altering substances, An underlying medical problem, Stress
Do not attempt to actively reward patients who have _______ to _______ hypothermia because they are prone to developing cardiac dysthymias unless handled very carefully
Moderate, severe
false motion
Movement that occurs in a bone at a point where there is no joint, indicating a fracture; also called free movement.
cervix
Narrowest portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
it is time for your annual competency assessment. This test includes knowledge and skills assessments. yo regar to your emt textbook to prepare by answering simple questions provided. The features found in a modern ambulance are defined by which of the following agencies
National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences
Late signs of peritonitis may include
Nausea.
Tolerance
Need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, & a diminished effect w/ continued use of the same amount.
What is the name of the condition when the patient forgets about the injured side after a stroke
Neglect
__________ is refusal or failure on the part of the caregiver to provide life necessities
Neglect
Black widow spiders may be found in all of the following
New Hampshire, woodpiles, & Georgia
________ states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion, unless acted on by some force
Newton's First Law
A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction is
Newton's third law
Imagine a patient has taken 10 tablets of diazepam. He is sleepy and having trouble managing his airway while sitting up. You secure his airway by laying him down on you ambulance cot in a sniffing position with a nonrebreathing mask. Will naloxone work for this overdose
No
Would it be wise to restrain this patient to the stretcher
No, it may only aggravate the situation.
A 20-year-old man has major open facial injuries after his vehicle struck a tree head-on. Which of the following findings w/in the car would MOST likely explain his injury pattern
Nonintact windshield
You are dispatched to the scene of a motor vehicle crash where a gasoline tanker truck has struck a small passenger van. The van is situated against a power pole and you note downed power lines. Where should you park the ambulance. While providing care for an entrapped occupant of the van, you note the unstable power pole starts to sway. What should you do:
Nothing; the rescue team is handling the extrication and controlling the scene.
To assess chest pain, use the mnemonic
OPQRST.
impaled objects
Objects that penetrate the skin but remain in place.
Atherosclerosis can lead to a complete _________ of a coronary artery.
Occlusion.
You respond to a patient who has been stabbed in the neck. You arrive to find the patient in police custody and bleeding moderately from the neck wound. The patient is alert and oriented and swearing loudly. His pulse is 120 BPM. His BP is 124/76 mm hg. You start to bandage the wound. What type of bandage should you use
Occlusive bandage
You are transporting a woman who is 8 months pregnant. To prevent supine hypotensive syndrome, how should you position this patient
On her left side
In which position do most patients w/ acute abdominal pain prefer to be transported
On their side, w/ their knees flexed
You are dispatched to the scene of a motor vehicle crash where a gasoline tanker truck has struck a small passenger van. The van is situated against a power pole and you note downed power lines. Where should you park the ambulance. Once the scene is deemed safe to approach, you attempt to gain access to the patients inside the van. Which of the following is an example of simple access:
Opening a rear door
Each hemisphere of the cerebrum controls activities on the _______ side of the body
Opposite
_____________ _____________ ___________ is a temporary or permanent dysfunction of the brain caused by a disturbance in the physical or physiologic functioning of the brain
Organic brain syndrome
Which of the following conditions makes the elderly patient prone to fractures from even minor trauma
Osteoporosis
The _____ are located on each side of the lower abdomen and produce the ovum, or egg
Ovaries
Treatment of this patient includes which of the following?
Oxygen and transport in a position of comfort
Pulseless Electrical Activity,
PEA usually refers to a state of cardiac arrest despite an organized electrical complex.
_____________ are inserted when the electrical-control system of the heart is so damaged that it cannot function properly.
Pacemakers.
Patients with open abdominal injuries often complain of
Pain
You respond to a motor vehicle collision and find a 29-year-old woman who is complaining of chest pain. Her chest struck the steering wheel. her airway is open, she is breathing at 24 breaths/min and she is coughing up blood. Her pulse is 130 beats/min, rapid and weak, and her BP is 90/58 mm HG. You notice cyanosis around the lips and note that her fingers are also blue. When you expose the chest, she tells you it hurts and points to a bruised spot. Which of the following is a symptom
Pain at the site of injury
referred pain
Pain felt in an area of the body other than the area where the cause of pain is located.
6 P's of musculoskeletal assessment
Pain, Paralysis, Parasthesias, Pulselessness, Pallor, and Pressure.
10. The AVPU scale is used to monitor a patient's level of consciousness. What does the "P" stand for
Painful
heat cramps
Painful muscle spasms usually associated w/ vigorous activity in a hot environment.
What other sudden onset signs and symptoms may your patient exhibit
Pale, moist skin
The _______ lies in the retroperitoneal space
Pancreas
Coral snake venom is a powerful toxin that causes _________ of the nervous system
Paralysis
Ileus
Paralysis of the bowel, arising from any one of several causes; stops contractions that move material through the intestine.
There are three classifications of burns based upon the depth of the burn. A second-degree burn is also called a _ thickness burn
Partial
You are dispatched to a bar to respond to a fight. The police hace cleared the scene & it is safe for you to enter. You see a man, conscious & alert. His face is mottled w/ blisters & abrasions, & he has blood on his shirt. He tells you was trying to stop the fight when he was hit in the face w/ scalding hot coffee & then he fell backward into a chair. Physical examination shows a jagged laceration measuring approximately 2 inches on his abdomen. It is still bleeding, you notice bruising on the right lateral chest. Vital signs are stable. What is the classification of this burn
Partial-thickness
You and your partner are called to an elementary school for an 8-year-old boy with an altered mental status. You find the child lying supine on the cafeteria floor. A teacher is waiting with the patient and the scene is safe. The teacher states that the child finished his lunch and began "shaking" in his chair, at which point the teacher moved him to the floor. Your general impression provides the following, there are no life threats, he is alert, his work of breathing is unlabored. His skin color is pink. His airway is open and clear, his respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min and his pulse rate are 90. The child is responsive to verbal stimuli and is confused as to what happened and where he is. You do not see any injuries or skin rashes. Which of the following assessment tools would you use to form a general impression of this patient without touching him
Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT)
_______________ _________________ are used to splint the bony pelvis to reduce hemorrhage from bone ends, venous disruption, and pain
Pelvic binders
__________ is an infection of the upper female reproductive organs
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Which of the following conditions could the patient have, based on what you know thus far
Peptic ulcers
Circulation of blood w/in an organ/tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cell's current needs for oxygen, nutrients, & waste removal is called
Perfusion
________ is the circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells' current needs for oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal
Perfusion
The _________ is the area of skin between the vagina and the anus
Perineum
The abdominal cavity is lined by a membrane called the
Peritoneum
Spotter
Person who assists a driver in backing up an ambulance to compensate for blind spots at the back of the vehicle
The patient tells you she feels blood coming from her vaginal area. She gives you permission to look and you observe moderate bleeding from the vagina. What should you do to manage the bleeding
Place a sanitary pad over the vaginal opening
After delivery, the ____________, or afterbirth, separate from the uterus and is delivered
Placenta
Appropriate management for this patient would include
Placing the patient supine
__________ describes the limited on-scene time for patients with multi system trauma
Platinum 10
Activated Charcoal is indicated for pediatric patients who have ingested a
Poison
Jump kit
Portable kit containing items that are used in the initial care of the patient
16 year old boy was hit in the ribs on the left side. his breathing is shallow at RR22, pulse is regular and strong, you are able to rule out spinal trauma. What position do you transport him in
Position of comfort
You have a patient with suspected kidney injury but no spinal injury. How should he be positioned
Position of comfort
A period following a seizure in which the muscles relax and the breathing becomes labored is called a _________ _________
Postictal state
What is the most likely psychologic condition
Posttraumatic stress disorder
What is the first phase of extrication
Preparation
Toilet training is typically mastered at what age level
Preschool age
You decide to manage the injury found in question 4. You flush the site with sterile water, and it continues to bleed. What would be the best way to control the bleeding from the site
Pressure dressings
As an EMT, your objective when treating patients w/ face & neck injuries is to
Prevent further damage, Manage any acute airway problems. & Control bleeding
During the primary assessment of burns, it is important to remember to
Prevent heat loss
Cleaning
Process of removing dirt, durst, blood, or other visible contaminants from a surface.
Sterilization
Process, such as heating that removes microbial contamination
A young male is experiencing signs & symptoms of anaphylactic shock after being stung by a scorpion. His level of consciousness is diminished, his breathing is severely labored, you can hear inspiratory stridor, & his face is cyanotic. The patient has a prescribed epinephrine auto-injector. What should you do first?
Provide ventilatory assistance w/ a bag-valve mask.
When using the mnemonic OPQRST, the "P" stands for
Provocation.
pulmonary blast injuries
Pulmonary trauma resulting from short-range exposure to the detonation of explosives.
The only vein(s) in the body that carry oxygenated blood is/are the
Pulmonary veins.
The AED should be applied only to unresponsive patients with no
Pulse.
_____________ usually refers to a state of cardiac arrest despite an organized electrical complex.
Pulseless electrical activity.
Central pulses
Pulses that are closet to the core (central) part of the body where the vital organs are located; included the carotid, femoral, and apical pulses
The primary assessment of the patient should include
Quickly identifying any life-threatening injuries
_______ is the transfer of heat by radiant energy
Radiation
What breathing pattern would you MOST likely encounter in a patient w/ diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Rapid & deep
In the United States,the most common form of pit viper is the ________
Rattlesnake
What further assessment or treatment would you perform en route to the hospital
Reassess vital sings and primary assessment
______________ carry oxygen to the body's tissues and then remove carbon dioxide.
Red blood cells.
Neglect
Refusal or failure on the part of the parent or caregiver to provide life necessities
Endocrine System
Regulates metabolism & maintains homeostasis
Extrication
Removal of a patient form entrapment or a dangerous situation or position, such as removal from a wrecked vehicle, industrial incident, or collapsed building.
Decontaminate
Remove or neutralize radiation, chemical, or other hazardous material from clothing, equipment, vehicles, and personnel
Which of the following is Not a common cause of shock in pediatric patients
Renal failure
Treatment of drowning and or near drowning begins with
Rescue and removal from water
Drag
Resistance that slows a projectile, such as air.
_________ causes body heat to be lost as warm air in the lungs is exhaled into the atmosphere and cooler air is inhaled
Respiration
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
Respirator with independent air supply used by firefighters to enter toxic and otherwise dangerous atmospheres.
Which of the following is Not appropriate when treating pediatric patients with seizures
Restrain the patient
positional asphyxia
Restriction of chest wall movements &/ airway obstruction; can rapidly lead to sudden death.
In serious trauma, the only chance to save the infant is to adequately __________ the mother
Resuscitate
Reduce
Return a dislocated joint/fractured bone to its normal position; set.
When treating a patient with frostbite, never attempt __________ if there is any chance that the part may freeze again before the patient reaches the hospital
Rewarming
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to facilitate sexual assault
Rohypnol
Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease are both spread through a tick's
Saliva
_________ are eight-legged arachnids with a venom gland and stinger at the end of their tails
Scorpions
Febrile Seizures
Seizures that results from sudden high fevers; most often seen in children
retina detachment
Separation of the retina from its attachments at the back of the eye.
eclampsia
Severe hypertension in a pregnant woman, resulting in seizures (convulsions).
Symptomatic Hypoglycemia
Severe hypoglycemia resulting in changes in mental statis
Uremia
Severe kidney failure resulting in the buildup of waste products w/in the blood. Eventually brain functions will be impaired.
_______, a common effect of hypothermia, is the body's attempt to increase its heat production
Shivering
All children with abdominal injuries should be monitored for signs and symptoms of
Shock
dyspena
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
When dealing with hematologic disorders, the EMT must be familiar with the composition of blood. Which of the following is considered a hematologic disease?
Sickle cell disease & Hemophilia
crush syndrome
Significant metabolic derangement that develops when crushed extremities/body parts remain trapped for prolonged periods. This can lead to renal failure & death.
A _______ ______ seizure may cause twitching of the extremity muscles that may spread slowly to another body part.
Simple partial
Star of life
Six-pointed star that identifies vehicles that meet federal specifications as licensed or certified ambulances
Which combination of factors would MOST likely cause a hypoglycemic crisis in a diabetic patient?
Skipping a meal & taking insulin
Bradypnea
Slow respiratory rate; ominous sign in a child that indicates impending respiratory arrest
diving reflex
Slowing of the heart rate caused by submersion in cold water.
Dysarthria
Slurred speech
Urticaria
Small areas of generalized itching and/or&/ burning that appear as multiple raised areas on the skin; hives
Venules
Small, thin walled blood vessels
Considered a possible cause of a psychiatric disorder
Social disturbance, Chemical disturbance, Biologic disturbance
Which of the following signs/symptoms would you be LEAST likely to find in a patient w/ an acute abdomen
Soft, nondistended abdomen
kidney stones
Solid crystalline masses formed in the kidney, resulting from an excess of insoluble salts/uric acid crystallization in the urine; may become trapped anywhere along the urinary tract.
decubitus ulcers
Sores caused by the pressure of skin against a surface for long periods; can range from a pink discoloration of the skin to a deep wound that may invade into bone or organs; also known as bedsores
You & your partner are traveling to the headquarters for your monthly in-service training session when you are dispatched to the home of an 18 year old woman w/ a high fever. The dispatcher tells you the patient has autism. Which of the following techniques should you use when you are communicating with a patient who has autism
Speak normally and provide simple, one-step directions.
First-responder vehicles
Specialized vehicles used to transport EMS equipment and personnel to the scenes of medical emergencies
You respond to a 24yo man who has been shot. Law enforcement is on scene, and the scene is safe. As you approach the patient, you notice that he is bleeding from the lower right abdominal area. He is alert and oriented but seems confused. His airway is open, and he is breathing a normal rate. His pulse is 120 beats/min, weak and regular. His BP is 98/60 mm hg. You ask the police officer about the weapon, You need the information because the amount of damage is related to the
Speed of the bullet
__________ ___________ is a developmental defect in which a portion of the spinal cord protrudes outside the vertebrae
Spina Bifida
Most patients with this disease also have hydrocephalus
Spina bifida
You respond to a 14 yo girl who was playing softball and slid into second base. She states she felt and heard a loud pop. There is no obvious bleeding, but swelling is present. Her pulse is 86 beats/min, and her BP is 114/74 mm hg. You decide you can manage this situation and decide to use the RICES method of treatment. The S stands for
Splinting
If the seat belt lies too high it can do all of the following
Squeeze abdominal organs, compress the great vessels, rupture the appendix.
You are dispatched to an address known for being a place where illicit drugs are purchased. You arrive at the scene prior to fire or police personnel and see several people outside the building. They are yelling and directing you and your partner inside, where the patient is located. What is the best course of action
Stage around the corner and wait for police to declare the scene safe
You & your partner are traveling to the headquarters for your monthly in-service training session when you are dispatched to the home of an 18 year old woman w/ a high fever. The dispatcher tells you the patient has autism. The patient is cautious around new people. How should you proceed with your assessment
Start distal to proximal.
To operate an emergency vehicle safely, you must know how it responds to _________ under various conditions
Steering, Braking, & acceleration
All of the following are examples of standard patient transfer equipment, EXCEPT
Stokes baskets.
Peritonitis would MOST likely result following injury to the
Stomach
You are dispatched to a bar to respond to a fight. The police hace cleared the scene & it is safe for you to enter. You see a man, conscious & alert. His face is mottled w/ blisters & abrasions, & he has blood on his shirt. He tells you was trying to stop the fight when he was hit in the face w/ scalding hot coffee & then he fell backward into a chair. Physical examination shows a jagged laceration measuring approximately 2 inches on his abdomen. It is still bleeding, you notice bruising on the right lateral chest. Vital signs are stable. What is the priority of treating the open wound on the patient's abdomen
Stop the bleeding
During intervention step of patient assessment for a burn patient, the first intervention should be to
Stop the burning process
If a hernia is incarcerated & the contents are so greatly compressed that circulation is compromised, the hernia is said to be
Strangulated.
it is time for your annual competency assessment. This test includes knowledge and skills assessments. yo regar to your emt textbook to prepare by answering simple questions provided. Which of the following is a cause of fatigue
Stress
Strain
Stretching/tearing of a muscle; also called a muscle pull.
Which of the following statements regarding CHF is FALSE
Stridor is a common lung sound heard on exam.
The MOST reliable indicator of upper airway swelling during a severe allergic reaction is
Stridor.
Hypoglycemia can mimic conditions such as:
Strokes
The presence of air in the soft tissues of the neck that produces a crackling sensation is called
Subcutaneous emphysema
Allergen
Substance that causes an allergic reaction
Tick bites occur most commonly during the _______ months
Summer
In doing a more detailed exam on the patient, you notice that she has an abrasion on her left knee that is sustained when she slid. The abrasion is covered with dirt and is oozing blood. You know that this injury is classified as
Superficial
Ingestion
Swallowing; taking a substance by mouth.
compartment syndrome
Swelling in a confined space that produces dangerous pressure; may cut off blood flow/damage sensitive tissue.
dependent edema
Swelling in the part of the body closest to the ground, caused by collection of fluid in the tissues; a possible sign of congestive heart failure.
Ice, crank, speed, uppers and meth are all street name for which type of poison
Sympathomimetics
When the battery wears out in a pacemaker, the patient may experience
Syncope.
______________ is the maximum pressure exerted by the left ventricle as it contracts.
Systolic blood pressure.
As you load the patient into the ambulance, what should you do to assist your partner
Take vital signs
Complex partial seizures result from abnormal discharged from the ______ lobe of the brain
Temporal
organic brain syndrome
Temporary/permanent dysfunction of the brain, caused by a disturbance in the physical/physiologic functioning of brain tissue.
point tenderness
Tenderness that is sharply localized at the site of the injury, found by gently palpating along the bone w/ the tip of one finger.
Headaches caused by muscle contractions in the head and neck are typically associated with:
Tension headaches
secondary (indirect) injury
The "after effects" of the primary injury; includes abnormal processes such as cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral ischemia & hypoxia, & infection; onset is often delayed following the primary brain injury.
Which of the following is part of the central nervous system
The Brain, The Spinal cord, CSF
Automaticity
The ability of cardiac muscle cells to contract w/out stimulation from the nervous system.
Turgor
The ability of the skin to resist deformation; tested by gently pinching the skin on the forehead/the back of the hand.
Which of the following statements regarding intra-abdominal bleeding is FALSE
The absence of pain & tenderness rules out intra-abdominal bleeding
Hemopneumothorax
The accumulation of blood & air in the pleural space of the chest.
Envenomation
The act of injecting venom
crowning
The appearance of the fetus's head at the vaginal opening during labor.
zone of injury
The area of potentially damaged soft tissue, adjacent nerves, & blood vessels surrounding an injury to a bone/a joint.
geriatrics
The assessment and treatment of disease in someone who is 65 years or older.
activities of daily living (ADLs)
The basic activities a person usually accomplishes during a normal day, such as eating, dressing, & bathing.
You respond to a 25-year old man who has cut his arm with a circular saw
The bleeding appears to be bright red and spurting. The patient is alert and oriented and converses with you freely. He appears to be stable at this point. What is your first step in controlling his bleeding. standard precautions
Tourniquet
The bleeding control method used when a wound continues to bleed despite the use of direct pressure & elevation; useful if a patient is bleeding severely from a partial/complete amputation.
What combination of vital signs and history gives the best clue about the patient's condition?
The blood pressure of 90/50 mm Hg with a history of hypertension
coronary arteries
The blood vessels that carry blood & nutrients to the heart muscle.
Immune System
The body system that includes all of the structures & processes designed to mount a defense against foreign substances & disease-causing agents
Allergic Reaction
The body's exaggerated immune response to an internal/surface agent
Immune Response
The body's response to a substance perceived by the body as foreign
Cornea
The clear tissue that covers the front of the pupil & iris of the eye
Asystole
The complete absence of the heart electrical activity.
hemoptysis
The coughing up of blood
intervertebral disk
The cushion that lies between two vertebrae.
fetus
The developing, unborn infant inside the uterus, from 10 weeks after fertilization until birth.
Evisceration
The displacement of organs outside of the body.
fundus
The dome-shaped top of the uterus.
external auditory canal
The ear canal; leads to the tympanic membrane (ear drum)
tympanic membrane
The eardrum. A structure that separates the outer ear from the middle ear & vibrates in response to sound waves.
embryo
The early stage of development after the fertilization of the egg (first 10 weeks).
kinetic energy
The energy of a moving object
You have been dispatched to a call for an unresponsive patient. What is the MOST important information that you should obtain from the dispatcher initially
The exact physical location of the patient
Nares
The external openings of the nostrils. A single nostril opening is called a naris
Pinna
The external, visible part of the ear.
Fascia
The fiberlike connective tissue that covers arteries, veins, tendons, & ligaments.
Pericardium
The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart.
Infancy
The first year of life
mechanism of injury (MOI)
The forces,/energy transmission, applied to the body that cause injury.
deep venous thrombosis
The formation of a blood clot within the larger veins of an extremity, typically following a period of prolonged immobilization
Coagulation
The formation of clots to plug openings in injured blood vessels & stop blood flow.
Lacrimal glands
The glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist; also called tear glands.
How does pediatric anatomy differ from adult anatomy
The head is proportionately larger.
Myocardium
The heart muscle.
Aphasia
The inability to understand &/ produce speech
incident commander
The individual who has overall command of the incident in the field.
Dermis
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, & blood vessels.
Lumen
The inside diameter of an artery/other hollow structure.
temporomandibular joint
The joint formed where the mandible & cranium meet, just in front of the ear.
Fibula
The lateral & smaller bone of the lower leg
Retina
The light-sensitive area of the eye where images are projected; a layer of cells at the back of the eye that changes the light image into electric impulses which are carried by the optic nerve to the brain
endometrium
The lining of the inside of the uterus
mucous membrane
The linings of the body cavities & passages that are in direct contact w/ the outside environment
command post
The location of the incident commander at the scene of an emergency and where command, coordination, control and communication are centralized.
Respiration
The loss of body heat as warm air in the lungs is exhaled into the atmosphere & cooler air is inhaled
Convection
The loss of body heat caused by air movement (eg. a breeze blowing across the body
Conduction
The loss of heat by direct contact (eg. when a body part comes into contact w/ a colder object)
Areas usually affected by descent problems include
The lungs
The patient's difficulty breathing and crackles are due to blood backing up in which part of the body?
The lungs
sciatic nerve
The major nerve to the lower extremities; controls much of muscle function in the leg & sensation in most of the leg & foot.
Work
The measure of force over distance.
Peritoneum
The membrane lining the abdominal cavity (parietal peritoneum) & covering the abdominal organs (visceral peritoneum).
substance abuse
The misuse of any substance to produce a desired effect.
paradoxical motion
The motion of the portion of the chest wall that is detached in a flail chest; the motion—in during inhalation, out during exhalation—is exactly the opposite of normal chest wall motion during breathing.
lightening
The movement of the fetus down into the pelvis late in pregnancy.
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.
Vasoconstriction
The narrowing of a blood vessel, such as w/ hypoperfusion/cold extremities
aortic valve
The one-way valve that lies between the left ventricle & the aorta that keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after the left ventricle ejects its blood into the aorta; one of four heart valves.
Size-up
The ongoing process of information gathering and scene evaluation to determine appropriate strategies and tactics to manage an emergency.
Epidermis
The outer layer of the skin that acts as a watertight protective covering. (Epi- = top, derm/o = skin, -is = pertaining to)
glenoid fossa
The part of the scapula that joins w/ the humeral head to form the glenohumeral joint.
Polyuria
The passage of an unusually large volume of urine in a given period; in diabetes, this can result from the wasting of glucose in the urine
Trajectory
The path a projectile takes once it is propelled.
Which of the following would be most likely to cause hyopglycemia in a patient
The patient has been vomiting for much of the day
Which of the following signs is LEAST indicative of a patient's potential for violence
The patient is 6'5" tall & weighs 230 lb.
Poetical State
The period following a seizure that lasts 5 to 30 minutes; characterized by labored respirations & some degree of altered mental status
behavioral crisis
The point at which a person's reactions to events interfere with activities of daily living; this becomes a psychiatric emergency when it causes a major life interruption, such as attempted suicide.
presentation
The position in which an infant is born; defined by the part of the body that appears first.
air embolism
The presence of air in the veins, which can lead to cardiac arrest if it enters the heart.
Contamination
The presence of infectious organisms on/in objects such as dressings, water, food, needles, wounds,/a patient's body.
Drowning
The process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion/immersion in liquid.
potential energy
The product of mass, gravity, & height, which is converted into kinetic energy & results in injury, such as from a fall.
mastoid process
The prominent bony mass at the base of the skull about 1 inch posterior to the external opening of the ear.
Hernia
The protrusion of an organ/tissue through an abnormal body opening.
four person log roll
The recommended procedure for moving a patient w/ a suspected spinal injury from the ground to a long backboard.
You should never give up on resuscitating a cold-water drowning victim because
The resulting hypothermia can protect vital organs from lack of oxygen
dementia
The slow onset of progressive disorientation, shortened attention span, and loss of cognitive function; this condition is generally chronic and irreversible
Deceleration
The slowing of an object.
Capillaries
The small blood vessels that connect arterioles & venules; various substances pass through capillary walls, into & out of the interstitial fluid, & then on to the cells.
Tragus
The small, rounded, fleshy bulge that lies immediately anterior to the ear canal.
Arterioles
The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries.
retroperitoneal space
The space between the abdominal cavity & the posterior abdominal wall, containing the kidneys, certain large vessels, & parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
miscarriage
The spontaneous passage of the fetus and placenta before 20 weeks; also called spontaneous abortion
umbilical cord
The structure that connects the pregnant woman to the fetus via the placenta; contains 2 arteries and one vein
Hematology
The study & prevention of blood related disorders
Immunolgy
The study of the body's immune system
core temperature
The temperature of the central part of the body (eg, the heart, lungs, & vital organs).
When you are performing a scene Assessment at an incident involving SIDS, you should focus your attention on all the following Except
The temperature of the room
ambient temperature
The temperature of the surrounding air; room temperature
placenta
The tissue attached to the uterine wall that nourishes the fetus through the umbilical cord.
Sclera
The tough, fibrous, white portion of the eye that protects the more delicate inner structures.
Which of the following is False regarding the pediatric airway
The trachea is larger in diameter and shorter in length
Radiation
The transfer of heat to colder objects in the environment by radiant energy, for example heat gain from a fire.
polypharmacy
The use of multiple medications on a regular basis
Breath sounds in the pediatric population are more easily heard because
Their chest walls are thinner
splint in a position of function: You are called to the local junior high school where a 12 year old boy fell and hurt his wrist
There is obvious deformity. He is alert and oriented. Respirations and pulse are within normal limits. Distal pulse is present. It is important to remember to ______.
You are dispatched to a bar to respond to a fight. The police hace cleared the scene & it is safe for you to enter. You see a man, conscious & alert. His face is mottled w/ blisters & abrasions, & he has blood on his shirt. He tells you was trying to stop the fight when he was hit in the face w/ scalding hot coffee & then he fell backward into a chair. Physical examination shows a jagged laceration measuring approximately 2 inches on his abdomen. It is still bleeding, you notice bruising on the right lateral chest. Vital signs are stable. What kind of burn is this
Thermal burn
Patients w/ diabetic ketoacidosis experience polydipsia because
They are dehydrated secondary to excessive urination.
You respond to a house fire with the local fire department, they bring a 48 year old woman out of the house. She is unconscious but her airways is open. Her breathing is shallow and 30breathspm. Her pulse is 110 beatspm. Her BP is 108/72 mm hg. She has been burned over 40% of her body. The burned area appears to be dry and leathery. IT looks charred and has pieces of fabric embedded in the flesh. You know that this type of burn is considered a
Third degree burn
When bandaging an open chest wound, what is the minimum number of sides that have to be taped down
Three
In general, a maximum of _____ dose(s) of nitroglycerin is/are given for any one episode of chest pain.
Three.
______ ________ May reverse stroke symptoms and even stop a stroke if given within 3 to 6 hours of the onset of symptoms
Thrombotic therapy
__________ is the amount of air in mL that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath
Tidal volume
You are dispatched to the scene of a motor vehicle crash where a gasoline tanker truck has struck a small passenger van. The van is situated against a power pole and you note downed power lines. Where should you park the ambulance. As an EMT, what is your role at the scene of this crash:
To assess and provide immediate medical care
Entrapment
To be caught (trapped) within a vehicle, room, or container with no way out or to have a limb or other body part trapped.
Defibrillate
To shock a fibrillating (chaotically beating) heart w/ specialized electric current in an attempt to restore a normal, rhythmic beat.
Blanch
To turn white
After taking Vicodin for 2 years for chronic pain, a 40-year-old woman finds that her usual dosage is no longer effective & goes to the doctor to request a higher dosage. This is an example of
Tolerance.
angina pectoris
Transient (short-lived) chest discomfort caused by partial/temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle; also called angina.
When stroke symptoms go away on their own in less than 24 hours, the event is called a (TIA)
Transient Ischemic Attack
A ________ is usually a warning sign that a larger, significant stroke may occur in the future
Transient ischemic attack
What is your most important treatment option
Transport to the hospital
Multi system trauma
Trauma that affects more than one body system.
During the reassessment of a burn patient with a significant MOI you should
Treat the patient for shock
What is the EMT's FIRST priority when dealing w/ a patient experiencing excessive vaginal bleeding
Treat the patient for shock & transport.
In right-sided heart failure, what is the name of the valve that lies between the right atrium & the right ventricle?
Tricuspid
Diabetic emergencies can occur when a patient's blood glucose level gets too high/too low
True
Shunts
Tubes that drain excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain to another part of the body outside of the brain, such as the abdomen; lowers pressure in the brain.
You suspect upper gastrointestinal bleeding. All of the following fit into this category, EXCEPT
Ulcerative colitis
The ______________ ____________________ carries oxygenated blood from the woman to the heart of the fetus
Umbilical vein
What is the only contraindication to the administration of oral glucose
Unable to Swallwow
People with ______ have a higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke
Uncontrolled hypertension
The underlying cause of a dissecting aortic aneurysm is
Uncontrolled hypertension.
Which of the following is Not initially seen in children 12-18 months old
Understand cause and effect
Patients who are at the highest risk of hemorrhagic stroke are those who have?
Untreated hypertension
You are dispatched to the scene of a motor vehicle crash where a gasoline tanker truck has struck a small passenger van. The van is situated against a power pole and you note downed power lines. Where should you park the ambulance. Where should you park the ambulance:
Uphill and upwind from the hazard
Urine is transported from the bladder through the
Urethra
You should discourage a rape/sexual assault victim from doing which of the following
Urinating, Cleaning herself, & Changing clothes
Small red spots of generalized itching &/ burning that appear as multiple raised areas on the skin:/hives are called
Urticaria
The raised red spots are most likely
Urticaria
When caring for a female w/ trauma to the external genitalia, the EMT should
Use local pressure to control bleeding
When obtaining a SAMPLE history, which of the following pieces of information is important to obtain
Use of a birth control device/birth control pills, The date of the patient's last menstrual period, & The possibility of pregnancy
Which of the following is NOT a guideline for safe ambulance driving
Use one-way streets whenever possible
Which of the following statements regarding pediatric asthma is False
Use strong, forceful breaths when ventilating to get air to pass the obstruction
If chest compressions are required for a newborn
Use the hands-encircling technique for two-person resuscitation.
basilar skull fracture
Usually occurs following diffuse impact to the head (such as falls, motor vehicle crashes); generally result from extension of a linear fracture to the base of the skull & can be difficult to diagnose w/ a radiograph.
What is the outermost cavity of a woman's reproductive system
Vagina
What effects will the application of an ice have on a hematoma
Vasoconstriction & decreased bleeding
Blood enters the right atrium form the body through the
Vena cava.
What is another sign of substance abuse that will make it difficult for your partner to establish IV access in this patient
Venous scarring (track marks)
When caring for a patient w/ signs a pneumothorax, your MOST immediate concern should be
Ventilatory inadequacy
Disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles is known as
Ventricular fibrillation.
The computer inside the AED is specifically programmed to recognize rhythms that require defibrillation to correct, most commonly
Ventricular fibrillation.
To treat a sting from a jellyfish, pour _______ on the affected area
Vinegar
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood.
Emesis
Vomiting.
You are dispatched to the scene of a motor vehicle crash where a gasoline tanker truck has struck a small passenger van. The van is situated against a power pole and you note downed power lines. Where should you park the ambulance. There are downed power lines at this scene. How should you handle this situation:
Wait for the power company to tell you the scene is safe before approaching either vehicle.
Hemiparesis
Weakness on one side of the body
Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate question to ask regarding an ingested poison
What color was the substance?
When obtaining information from the family regarding the pediatric patient's history, which of the following is Not an appropriate inquiry
What types of toys does the child play with?
Signs and symptoms of a lower airway obstruction in pediatric patients include
Wheezing
Your severs external bleeding patient needs a detailed physical exam
When should it be performed. En route to the hospital
cardiac arrest
When the heart fails to generate effective & detectable blood flow; pulses are not palpable, even if muscular & electrical activity continues in the heart.
Based on the information described in the scenario, which question should you ask this patient first
When was the last time you ate?
gloves and eye protection
When you are performing a scene size-up on a patient with external bleeding, the minimum standard precautions that should be taken are:
secure the patient to a backboard:
When you have applied a traction splint, the last thing that you do is ______
Allows the hospital to prepare resources
Why are proper communications to the hospital when dealing with a patient with significant bleeding needed?
Dilation
Widening of a tubular structure such as the coronary artery.
If a patient complains of a severe migraine, how should she be transported
Without lights & sirens
advance directives
Written documentation that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient should the patient become unable to make decisions; also called a living will or health care directive
Which of the following statements is true
You may be able to predict whether a person will become violent, Scene safety is always your primary concern, Behavior problems may be the result of drug or alcohol abuse.
Regarding assessment and treatment of a woman who was the victim of sexual assault
You may be called to testify in court regarding the incident, The patient should be given the option of being treated by female responder, & The person should be discouraged from urinating/changing her clothes prior to examination at the hospital
When applying a bandage to hold a dressing in place, stretch the bandage tight enough to control the bleeding
You should still be able to ________ after the bandage is secure. palpate a distal pulse
There are three types of ionizing radiation
_______, _______ and _______: alpha, beta and gamma
Ligament
a band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports & strengthens a joint
An acute ischemic stroke is caused by
a blocked cerebral artery.
What sign found at a scene might indicate that your patient is visually impaired
a cane
Hemothorax
a collection of blood in the pleural cavity
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road where a single vehicle us up on an embankment. The vehicle has front-end damage and a starred windshield. The unrestrained driver is lying supine in the road; the police report that they found the patient outside of the vehicle. He is unconscious & has depression if the left temporal area, both eyes are black & blue, and one pupil is dilated whereas the other is normal. The patient has blood coming from the nose & mouth, & palpation reveals subcutaneous emphysema around the clavicles & chest area. The patient's breaking is labored, & the pulse is rapid & thready. A hematoma is
a collection of blood within the tissues
Schizophrenia
a complex, difficult-to-identify mental disorder whose onset typically occurs during early adulthood. Symptoms typically become more prominent over time & include delusions, hallucinations, a lack of interest/pleasure & erratic speech.
While transporting a patient, you can continue to recheck the splint you applied. You know that improperly applying a splint can cause
a delay in transport of patten with a life threatening injury, a reduction of distal circulation, a compression of nerves, tissues and blood vessels
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a delayed stress reaction that develops after a horrifying ordeal that involved physical harm/the threat of physical harm
Narcotic
a drug that produces sleep/altered mental consciousness
Conductive hearing loss can be caused by
a perforated eardrum
The cardiovascular system consists of
a pump, a container, & fluid
Iris
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil & controls the size of the pupil opening
Features of the modern ambulance include all of the following except
a self-contained breathing apparatus
primigravida
a woman who is pregnant for the first time
When treating a patient with signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock and no outward signs of bleeding, always consider the possibility of bleeding into the
abdomen
severe back pain may be associated with
abdominal aortic aneurysm
peritonitis, with associated fluid loss, is the result of
abnormal shift of fluid from the bloodstream into body tissue
A(n) _ is a wound of the superficial layer of skin, caused by friction when a body part rubs/scrapes across a rough/hard surface
abrasion
Open soft-tissue wounds include all of the following
abrasions, lacerations, & avulsions
Which of the following is a sign of a possible facial fracture
absent/loose teeth, bleeding in the mouth, & loose &/moveable bone fragments
what joint is frequently separated during football and hockey when a player falls and lands on the point of the shoulder
acromioclavicular joint
The most common symptom to internal abdominal bleeding is
acute abdominal pain
Using elastic bandages to secure dressings may result in ______ if the injury swells or if the bandages are applied improperly
additional tissue damage
The zone of injury includes
adjacent nerves, blood vessels, and surrounding soft tissue
Learning to adapt to a variety of situations in daily life, including stresses and strains is called
adjustment
You and your partner are dispatched to the rodeo arena for a person reporting shortness of breath and chest pain. On arrival you are escorted to a trailer where you find a man in his mid 30s seated in a chair and leaning forward clutching his chest. He tells you that he was riding a bull when he was thrown off. He states that he landed hard on his right side and heard a loud pop. The patient finds it difficult ot take a deepth breath. On this information, what should be your first intervention
administer high flow oxygen
your unit is dispatched to a roadside construction site for a blast-related injury. fire department personnel arrive before you and radio to tell you that the scene is safe. on your arrival, you are informed that your patient is a 46 year old man who had been blasting rock and had set the fuse too short. as he was leaving the area to seek cover from the explosion, he was blown forward onto a gravel area. he tells you that he remembers everything and he did not have a loss of consciousness. he also indicated that the entire front of his body hurts and he can't hear well. he denies having any past medical history or allergies and does not take any medication. on examination you find minor bleeding from his ears and some cuts and bruises to his arms. as you remove his clothing, you find that his chest and abdomen are bruised. he reports increasing pain and experiences severe trouble breathing. as you begin your transport you notice that he is now has hematemesis cool and clammy skin, tachycardia, and hypotension. you determine that your patient is experiencing internal bleeding. what should you do first
administer oxygen
A 59-year-old woman presents w/ chest pressure. She is conscious & alert, but her skin is cool, pale, & clammy. Your first step in providing care (treatment) should be
administer oxygen.
__________ __________ are specific legal papers that direct relatives and caregivers about what kinds of medical treatment may be given to patients who cannot speak for themselves
advance directives
You are dispatched to a private residence for a person experiencing abdominal pain. You arrive to find a 25 year old man lying on the couch in the fetal position. He states he was tackled while playing football 3 days ago and now the pain is becoming progressively worse. He is pale and diaphoretic. an exam of the abdomen shows bruising over the right and left upper quadrants, rebound tenderness, and guarding. The patient states the pain radiates to his right shoulder. Assessment of his vitals signs shows a pulse rate of 130 beats/min, BP of 90/60 and respirations of 24 breaths per min. Appropriate management of this patient would include
advanced life support intercept
Always check neurovascular function at the following times
after any manipulation of limb, before applying splint, after applying splint
You and your partner are called to an elementary school for an 8-year-old boy with an altered mental status. You find the child lying supine on the cafeteria floor. A teacher is waiting with the patient and the scene is safe. The teacher states that the child finished his lunch and began "shaking" in his chair, at which point the teacher moved him to the floor. Your general impression provides the following, there are no life threats, he is alert, his work of breathing is unlabored. His skin color is pink. His airway is open and clear, his respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min and his pulse rate are 90. The child is responsive to verbal stimuli and is confused as to what happened and where he is. You do not see any injuries or skin rashes. To evaluate this child's level of consciousness, you must note the mental status and assess his
age appropriate responses to your questions
Stereotyping of elderly people that often leads to discrimination is called
ageism
--------- is a behavior that is characterized by restlessness and irregular physical activity
agitation
Naloxone (Narcan), should only be used in a patient with a suspected opiate or opioid overdose who has
agonal respirations or apnea
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road where a single vehicle us up on an embankment. The vehicle has front-end damage and a starred windshield. The unrestrained driver is lying supine in the road; the police report that they found the patient outside of the vehicle. He is unconscious & has depression if the left temporal area, both eyes are black & blue, and one pupil is dilated whereas the other is normal. The patient has blood coming from the nose & mouth, & palpation reveals subcutaneous emphysema around the clavicles & chest area. The patient's breaking is labored, & the pulse is rapid & thready. When subcutaneous emphysema is found, what substance has accumulated under the skin
air
Potential problems associated with rupture of the lungs include all of the following
air emboli, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax
A(n) _______ results when an open vein sucks air into it and travels to the heart
air embolism
An open neck injury may result in _______ if enough air is sucked into a blood vessel
air embolism
You should consider using a(n) ______ _________ _____ if the patient will need to be transported an extensive distance
air medical unit
Suction tubing must reach the patient's ________, regardless of the patient's position
airway
Without an open ________, rescue breathing will not be effective.
airway
life-threatening external bleeding demands your immediate attention, even before __________ has been manage
airway
When caring for a patient w/ facial trauma, the EMT should be MOST concerned w/
airway compromise.
Dentures may cause a(n) __________ _________ in a trauma patient
airway obstruction
In dealing with allergy-related emergencies, you must be aware of the possibility of acute______ and cardiovascular collapse
airway obstruction
Anatomic changes that occur as a person ages predisposes geriatric patients to
airway problems
patients experiencing alcohol withdrawal may develop delirium tremens if they no longer have their daily source of
alcohol
The EMTALA act states that
all patients must be treated regardless of their ability to pay for care.
3. When assessing a conscious and alert 9-year-old child, you should
allow the child to answer your questions.
You & your partner are traveling to the headquarters for your monthly in-service training session when you are dispatched to the home of an 18 year old woman w/ a high fever. The dispatcher tells you the patient has autism. The patient starts to perform a self-stimulating activity. You should
allow the patient to continue as long as she does not hurt herself.
always suspect hypoglycemia in any patient with
altered mental status
Elderly people are more likely to experience burns because of
altered mental status, inattention, compromised neurologic status
When caring for a patient with a visual impairment, which of the following is not appropriate
always transport the patient's service dog
A(n) ______ is an injury in which part of the body is completely severed
amputation
Basic wound care supplies include all of the following except
an OB kit
Pneumothorax
an accumulation of air/gas in the pleural space
Hallucinogens
an agent that produce false perceptions in any of the five senses
Shortly after ascending rapidly to the surface of the water while holding his breath, a 29-year-old diver begins coughing up pink, frothy sputum & complains of dyspnea & chest pain. You should suspect & treat this patient for
an air embolism.
Whenever possible, you should always provide the sexual assault patient with
an attendant of the same gender
hypovolemic shock
an emergency condition in which severe blood & fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working. The body tries to adapt by increasing the HR & peripheral vasoconstriction to increase the volume of blood returned to the heart & increase cardiac output
You are called to an automotive body shop for an assault patient. Law enforcement personnel have arrived and declared the scene safe. You and your partner find a man seated in an office holding the left side of his head. The patient was struck on the side of the head with a tire iron during a dispute with another employee. He was unconscious for approx 3 min. While performing a secondary assessment of the patient you find a depressed area above the patients left ear. This indicates
an epidural hematoma
If the typical adult loses more than 1 L of blood, significant changes in vital signs, such as
an increased respiratory rate will occur.
Changes to the kidney and genitourinary tract in elderly patients can cause all of the following except
an increased response to sodium deficiency
A sucking chest wound should be treated with
an occlusive dressing
A 21-year-old male was found unconscious in an alley. Your initial assessment reveals that his respirations are slow & shallow, & his pulse is slow & weak. Further assessment reveals that his pupils are bilaterally constricted. His presentation is MOST consistent w/ an overdose of
an opioid.
You are called to a local baseball park for a 23-year-old man w/ difficulty breathing. He states that he ate a package of peanuts approximately 30 minutes ago & denies any allergies/past medical history. Your assessment reveals widespread urticaria, tachycardia, & a BP of 90/60 mm Hg. You can hear him wheezing, even w/out a stethoscope. You should be MOST suspicious of a(n)
anaphylactic reaction.
a reaction involving the entire body is called
anaphylaxis
Severe blood loss can occur when a(n) ________ bursts
aneurysm
Some people are born w/ pupils that are not equal in size which is called
anisocoria
Dislocation of the ___ is usually associated with fractures of one or both malleoli
ankle
Examples of a functional disorder
anxiety, depression, schizophrenia
A behavioral crisis is MOST accurately defined as
any reaction to events that interferes w/ activities of daily living/has become unacceptable to the patient, family,/community.
The _ is the largest artery in the body.
aorta
A 71-year-old man with a history of hypertension and vascular disease presents with tearing abdominal pain. His blood pressure is 80/60 mm Hg, his heart rate is 120 beats/min, and his respirations are 28 breaths/min. Your assessment reveals that his abdomen is rigid and distended. Considering his medical history and vital signs, you should be MOST suspicious for a(n)
aortic aneurysm.
_________ is common in pediatric patients and if left untreated can lead to peritonitis or shock
appendicitis
You are dispatched to a private residence for a person experiencing abdominal pain. You arrive to find a 25 year old man lying on the couch in the fetal position. He states he was tackled while playing football 3 days ago and now the pain is becoming progressivly worse. He is pale and diaphoretic. an exam of the abdomen shows bruising over the right and left upper quadrants, rebound tenderness, and guarding. The patient states the pain radiates to his right shoulder. Assessment of his vitals signs shows a pulse rate of 130 beats/min, BP of 90/60 and respirations of 24 breaths per min. Bruising over the right upper quadrant could indicate injury of the
appendix
The MOST appropriate way to dress & bandage an open abdominal wound w/ a loop of bowel protruding from it is to
apply a moist, sterile dressing to the wound & secure w/ an occlusive dressing.
If bleeding continues after applying a pressure dressing, you should
apply manual pressure through the dressing, add more gauze pads over the first dressing, secure both dressings tighter with a roller bandage
Statements regarding the treatment of bleeding from a neck injury
apply pressure to the bleeding site using a gloved fingertip, apply a sterile occulsive dressing, & use gauze to secure the dressing in place
The ______ and ________ are the inner two layers of the meninges and are much thinner than the dura mater
arachnoid, pia mater
_________ refers to stiffening of the blood vessel wall
arteriosclerosis
When should you use a traction splint
as isolated femur fracture
You & your partner are traveling to the headquarters for your monthly in-service training session when you are dispatched to the home of an 18 year old woman w/ a high fever. The dispatcher tells you the patient has autism. When asking the patient questions, you should
ask her simple, direct questions.
You are requested out to County Road 93 for a vehicle collision at a rural area known for serious crashes. After driving with lights and sirens for nearly 20 minutes to reach the scene, you arrive at the intersection at the east end of the county. As you pull up, you see 2 pickup trucks crushed into a mass of twisted, smoking metal. A sheriff's deputy is shouting and waving you over to the passenger side door of one of the demolished trucks. You quickly look down all four roads leading to the scene and note that they are deserted as far as you can see. How would you ensure the proper control of traffic around this scene
ask the law enforcement officer to control any traffic
when obtaining the medical history of a patient experiencing a sickle cell crisis you should
ask the patient about recent illnesses or stress
as you begin to assess a patient suspected of anaphylactic shock what step would be done first
assess and treat for life threats
You respond to a motorcycle accident for a 41 yo man who is unconscious He has obvious deformity to both lower legs and is bleeding moderately from an open fracture. His airway is open, and he is making gurgling noises. Pulse is rapid and weak. Distal pulses are very weak. Your first priority with this patient is to
assess distal pulse motor, and sensory functions
While the EMT is in a vehicle assessing the patient, the rescue team should be
assessing exactly how the patient is trapped and determining the safest way to extricate.
Safety guidelines for behavioral emergencies include
assessing the scene, being prepared to spend extra time, encouraging purposeful movement
An apnea monitor is indicated in all of the following situations except
asthma
__________ is an acute spasm of the smaller air passages
asthma
The complete absence of heart electrical activity is called
asystole
Geriatric patients are at risk for _________, an accumulation of fatty material in the arteries
atherosclerosis
When caring for a patient w/ an emotional crisis who is calm & not in need of immediate emergency care, your BEST course of action is to
attempt to obtain consent from the patient to transport.
_______ is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impairment of social interaction
autism
The ________ ________ _______ should be applied to an adult cardiac arrest patient as soon as it is available.
automated external defibrillator (AED)
The __________ system monitors the body's needs from moment to moment and adjusts blood flow by changing the vascular tone, as needed
autonomic nervous
What part of the human body helps the cardiovascular system adapt to changes in order to maintain homeostasis
autonomic nervous system
When applying a tourniquet to an amputated arm, the EMT should
avoid applying the tourniquet over a joint.
When caring for a patient w/ a surface contact poisoning, it is important to remember to
avoid contaminating yourself/others.
The most important consideration in caring for a patient who has been exposed to an organophosphate insecticide or some other cholinergic agent is to
avoid exposure yourself
You and your partner are assigned to a post at an extreme sports competition. You are called to asses a 23 year old man who was performing an air trick on his bike when he lost control and landed on the bottom of the concrete ramp. When you arrive, the patient is wake and alert and in extreme pain. He tells you he flew over his handlebars and felt both of his upper legs snap. He denies experiencing any loss of consciousness. THe primary goal of placing the patients legs in inline traction is to
avoid further neurovascular compromise
A patient with an abdominal aortic aneurysm most commonly complains of abdominal pain that radiates to the
back
The esophagus is located in the _____ of the chest
back
Left untreated, ____ can lead to premature birth or low birth weight in pregnant women
bacterial vaginosis
the stinger of the honeybee is WHAT so the bee can't remove it
barbed
CPR does not require any equipment; however, you should use a(n) ________ device to perform rescue breathing
barrier
Trauma to the face and skull that results in the posterior wall of the nasal cavity becoming unstable is caused by __________
basilar skull fracture
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road where a single vehicle us up on an embankment. The vehicle has front-end damage and a starred windshield. The unrestrained driver is lying supine in the road; the police report that they found the patient outside of the vehicle. He is unconscious & has depression if the left temporal area, both eyes are black & blue, and one pupil is dilated whereas the other is normal. The patient has blood coming from the nose & mouth, & palpation reveals subcutaneous emphysema around the clavicles & chest area. The patient's breaking is labored, & the pulse is rapid & thready. Which of the following fractures is associated with bruising around the ears & blood coming from the nose
basilar skull fracture
No matter what the fuel source of a crashed vehicle is, one common practice remains the same--the need to disconnect the _________
battery
Prior to attempting to gain access into a vehicle, the parking brake should be on and the ________ should be disconnected
battery
When restraining a patient without an appropriate order, legal actions may involve charges of
battery
If a patient's mechanical ventilator malfunctions, you should remove the patient from the ventilator and
begin ventilations with a bag-mask device
If the interruption of daily routine tends to recur on a regular basis, the behavior is also considered a -------- crisis
behavioral
A(n) ____________ _____________ or emergency is any reaction to events that interferes with the activities of daily living or has become unacceptable to the patient, family, or community
behavioral crisis
The heart rate should be in the normal adult rage for a geriatric patient but can be altered by medications such as
beta-blockers
the major side effect of infesting activated charcoal is
black stools
24 year old patient fell off balance beam and landed on his arm. Complaining of pain in the upper arm, and there is obvious swelling. You know that swelling is a sign of
bleeding
Which of the following is not a sign of infection at a colostomy site
bleeding
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road where a single vehicle us up on an embankment. The vehicle has front-end damage and a starred windshield. The unrestrained driver is lying supine in the road; the police report that they found the patient outside of the vehicle. He is unconscious & has depression if the left temporal area, both eyes are black & blue, and one pupil is dilated whereas the other is normal. The patient has blood coming from the nose & mouth, & palpation reveals subcutaneous emphysema around the clavicles & chest area. The patient's breaking is labored, & the pulse is rapid & thready. Which of the following best describes hyphema
bleeding in anterior chamber of eye
Bone marrow produces _____________ _______________
blood cells
the bones in the skeleton produce ________ in the bone marrow
blood cells
Hematuria
blood in the urine
hematuria
blood in the urine
Capillary
blood is dark red & oozes from a wound steadily but slowly.
You should consider bleeding to be serious if the following conditions are present
blood loss is rapid, the patient has a poor general appearance, & assessment reveals signs & symptoms of shock
Diastolic
blood pressure reflects the pressure on the walls of the arteries when the ventricle is at rest
epinephrine inhibits the allergic reaction by constricting the WHAT and dilating the bronchi
blood vessels
smooth muscle is found in the
blood vessels
Which of the following is a sign of the beginning of labor
bloody show, contractions of the uterus, & rupture of the amniotic sac
Blunt trauma that causes fractures to the orbit are commonly called a (n) ________
blowout fracture
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road. On arrival you see a single vehicle in an embankment. The scene appears to be safe. The car has front-end damage and a starred windshield. You find an unrestrained driver sitting in the driver's seat. He opens his eyes when you speak to him; however; he is confused and unable to tell you what happened, but he follows your commands. Examination reveals a laceration on the center of his forehead and a large bruise on his chest. Pulses and motor and sensory function are present in all extremities. His pulse is rapid, and breathing is slightly labored:what type of chest injury is present?
blunt
Closed abdominal injuries are also known as
blunt injuries
In pediatric patients, chest injuries are usually the result of ________ _________, rather than penetrating trauma
blunt trauma
the usual dosage for activated charcoal for an adult or child is 1 gram of activated charcoal per kilogram of
body weight
open fracture
bone fracture that breaks through the skin
If you are involved in a motor vehicle collision while operating an emergency vehicle and are found to be at fault, you may be charged
both civilly and criminally
The signs & symptoms of an allergic reaction are caused by the release of
both histamine & leukotrienes.
The most severe form of toxin ingestion is
botulism
A contusion to a patient's forehead along with a spider-webbed windshield suggest possible injury to the
brain
The brain is divided into the cerebrum, and the
brain stem
A 41-year-old man presents w/ slow, irregular breathing; hypotension; & dilated pupils. These signs MOST likely indicate dysfunction of the
brain stem.
The trachea divides into the right and left main stem _________
bronchi
A(n) _______ is also called a contusion
bruise
Signs of injury to the kidney may include any of the following
bruises or lacerations on the overlaying skin, shock, hematuria
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of a chest injury
bruising of the chest wall, crepitus w/ palpation of the chest, & unequal expansion of the chest wall
A(n) _ is also called a contusion
brusie
Superficial (first degree) burn
burns that affect only the epidermis, characterized by skin that is red but not blistered/actually burned through
your partner observes a medical alert bracelet on the patient's wrist. it says that the patient has diabetes. other risk factors for hypothermia include all the following
burns, head injury, & shock
Localized signs and symptoms of absorbed poisoning include
burns, irritation of the skin
Which of the following statements regarding pregnancy is TRUE
by the 20th week of pregnancy, the uterus is at or above the belly button
___________ ____________ may help determine if a loss of consciousness occurred before an accident
bystander information
The ______________ is the largest of the tarsal bones
calcaneus
You and your partner are dispatched to the rodeo arena for a person reporting shortness of breath and chest pain. On arrival you are escorted to a trailer where you find a man in his mid 30s seated in a chair and leaning forward clutching his chest. He tells you that he was riding a bull when he was thrown off. He states that he landed hard on his right side and heard a loud pop. You are still 30 min from the hospital. On the basis of this patients condition and signs and symptoms, what is the most appropriate management
call ALS for assistance and continue transport
Treatment of a snake bite from a pit viper includes all of the following
calming the patient, not giving anything by mouth, & marking the skin w/ a pen over the swollen area to note whether swelling is spreading
pancreatitis
can be caused by an obstructing gallstone, alcohol abuse, and other diseases
what condition increases a patients risk for developing thrombophilia
cancer
The _________ link(s) the arterioles and the venules
capillaries
______ are small tubes that are about the same diameter as a single red blood cell
capillaries
________ blood is dark red and oozes from a wound steadily but slowly
capillary
Hyperventilation should be used with caution in head injury patients and only be attempted when______ is/are available
capnography
The three collisions in a frontal impact
car striking object, passenger striking vehicle, internal organs striking solid structures of the body
Helmets must be removed in all of the following cases
cardiac arrest, when the helmet allows for excessive movement, when a shield cannot be removed for access to the airway.
Distended jugular veins, a narrowing pulse pressure, and muffled heart sounds are seen in which of the following conditions
cardiac tamponade
Cerebral palsy is associated with all of the following conditions except
cardiovascular complications
A 22-year-old male was attacked by a rival gang & has a large knife impaled in the center of his chest. Your assessment reveals that he is apneic & pulseless. You should
carefully remove the knife, control any bleeding, begin CPR, & transport.
Assess for a pulse in an adult patient by palpating the __________ artery.
carotid
Pulsations in the neck are felt in the _______ vessels
carotid
You have responded to a 71 year old woman who is unresponsive. You try to get her to respond but have no success. Her airway is open, and she is breathing at a rate of 14 breaths/min. You know you can check her pulse on either side of the neck. You know that the jugular veins and several nerves run through the neck next to the trachea. What structure are you trying to locate to take a pulse
carotid arteries
The rings of the trachea are made of ________
cartilage
A condition that clouds the lens of the eye is called
cataract.
The brain and spinal cord are part of the ______ nervous system
central
the nervous system has 2 anatomic components
central & peripheral
As you get older, the brain shrinks, leading to higher risk of ___________ _________ following head trauma
cerebral bleeding
_______ _______ is a term for a group of disorders characterized by poorly controlled body movement
cerebral palsy
The ______ vertebrae are in the neck
cervical
Injury to the head and neck may indicate injury to the
cervical spine
you and your partner are called for a 25-year-old man who was found unresponsive by two hikers in a remote area of a national forest. on arrival, you observe a young man lying supine on the ground with a liquor bottle nearby. despite near freezing temperatures he is dressed in a t-shirt and jeans.after establishing unresponsiveness what should be your next step in patient management
check for a pulse/provide manual in line stabilization
Immediately after delivery of the infant's head, you should
check the position of the umbilical cord.
The only exceptions to the rule of not removing an impaled object are an object in the ______ that obstructs breathing and an object in the ________ that interferes with CPR
cheek, chest
Breathing requires the use of the _________ muscles and diaphragm
chest
Because of the urgent need to start CPR in a pulseless, nonbreathing patient, you must complete a primary assessment as soon as possible and begin CPR with ___________.
chest compressions
_________ __________ are recommended to relieve a severe airway obstruction in an unconscious pediatric patient
chest compressions
In rare cases, ____ causes arthritis that may be accompanied with skin lesions and inflammation of the eyes and urethra
chlamydia
Inhaled poisons include
chlorine
Which of the following statements regarding geriatrics is false
chronic mental status impairment is a normal process of aging
Geriatric patients are commonly found living in all of the following locations except
churches
Major controllable risk factors for an AMI include
cigarette smoking.
When using an air splint to control bleeding in a fractured extremity, you should reassess the _________ frequently
circulation in the injured extremity
Perfusion is MOST accurately defined as
circulation of blood within an organ with sufficient amounts of oxygen.
The ___ is one of the most commonly fractured bones in the body
clavicle
The ____________ is a slender, s-shaped bone attached by ligaments to the sternum on one end to the acromion process on the other
clavicle
What is the main purpose of eye blinking
clean the eye
Because the brain tissue shrinks with age, older patients are more likely to sustain
closed head injuries
The process of blood clotting and plugging the hole is called
coagulation
Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion and associated hypovolemia include all of the following
cold, clammy skin with ashen pallor, dizziness, weakness/faintness & normal vital signs
An organ or tissue that is considerably _________ is much better able to resist damage from hypoperfusion
colder
A 30-year-old male, who ingested an unknown substance, begins to vomit. You should
collect the vomitus & bring it to the hospital
Often the most important intervention for a sexual assault patient is to _______ and transport to a facility with a staff specially trained to deal with this scenario
comforting reassurance
A ___ fracture is a fracture in which the bone is broken into more than two fragments
comminuted
cholecystitis
commonly produces symptoms about 30 minutes after a particularly fatty meal and usually at night
You respond to an 18-year-old man who has been assaulted with a baseball bat. He was hit in the chest. He is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. This condition is most likely related to
commotio cordis
________ among team members and clear leadership are essential to safe, efficient provision of proper emergency care
communication
_______ develops when edema and swelling result in increased pressure within a closed soft-tissue space
compartment syndrome
A compression injury that is severe enough to cut off blood flow below the injury is called
compartment syndrome.
Your _____ is the best tool to gain the patient's confidence to seek medical help
compassion
A two-door passenger car struck a tree while driving approximately 50 mph. The doors are badly damaged and jammed, and the driver appears to be unconscious inside the vehicle. Entering the vehicle by breaking the back window is an example of
complex access.
In a motor vehicle collision, as the passenger's head hits the windshield, the brain continues to move forward until it strikes the inside of the skull, resulting in a _________ injury
compression
A _______ is a temporary loss or altercation of a part or all of the brain's ability to function without actual physical damage to the brain
concussion
Peripheral nerves include all of the following
connecting nerves, sensory nerves, motor nerves,
In cold weather, blood vessels in the skin will _______
constrict
When a person is looking at an object up close, the pupils should
constrict.
The skin regulates temperature in a cold environment by
constricting blood vessels
All open wounds are assumed to be _______ and present a risk of infection
contaminated
When physically restraining a violent patient, the EMT should
continually talk to the patient as he/she is being restrained.
During inhalation, the diaphragm ________
contracts
The primary reason for applying a sterile dressing to an open injury is to
control external bleeding.
A _/a bruise, is an injury that causes bleeding beneath the skin but does not break the skin
contusion
A(n) ______ is far more serious than a concussion because it involves physical injury to the brain tissue
contusion
Energy can be
converted
A person will sweat in an effort to ______ the body
cool
It is 0300 hours and you and your partner are called to a private residence for an 86 year old man reporting a sudden onset of shortness of breath. on arrival, you observe an older home in need of repair. when you enter the home, you find that there are seven cats, and there is the strong odor of stale cat food and litter boxes. which condition is considered to be a risk factor for congestive heart failure
coronary artery disease
Hemoptysis
coughing up blood
A compression injury to the anterior portion of the brain and stretching of the posterior portion is called a(n) _________ brain injury
coup-contrecoup
traumatic brain injuires are classified into 2 broad categories: primary (direct) injury & secondary (indirect) injury. as the brain strikes the front of the skull. this type of injury is called
coup-counter coup
You are assessing a 27-year-old woman w/ a heat-related emergency. Her skin is flushed, hot, & moist, & her level of consciousness is decreased. After moving her to a cool environment, managing her airway, & administering oxygen, you should
cover her w/ wet sheets & fan her.
While assisting a woman in labor, you visualize her vaginal area and see an arm protruding from her vagina. She tells you that she feels the urge to push. You should
cover the arm with a sterile towel and transport immediately.
37 year old was accidental shoot, his airway is open, RR 24, his pulse is rapid and weak, Upon exposing his chest you find a sucking chest wound. you should
cover the wound
The _____ nerves are the 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain stem and transmit information directly to or from the brain
cranial
optic nerve
cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain
The skull has two large structures of bone, the ______ and the ______
cranium, face
A grating or grinding sensation known as ________________ can be felt and sometimes even heard when fractured bone ends rub together
crepitus
The _____ connects the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
cricothyroid membrane
When dealing with an avulsed tooth, handle it by its ______ and not by the ________
crown, root
When an area of the body is trapped for longer than 4 hours and arterial blood flow compromised, _______ can develop
crush syndrome
A(n) ______ occurs when a great amount of force is applied to the body for a long period of time
crushing injury
The presence of subcutaneous emphysema following trauma to the face & throat is MOST suggestive of
crushing tracheal injury.
it is time for your annual competency assessment. This test includes knowledge and skills assessments. yo regar to your emt textbook to prepare by answering simple questions provided. Keeping a safe distance between your vehicle and the one in front of you, checking for tailgaters behind your ambulance, and being aware of objects in your mirror's blind spots are considered maintaining a(n)
cushion of safety.
The rescue team will set up a(n) _______ ________ that is off-limits to bystanders to protect their safety
danger zone
Speed is essential because in severe cases of anaphylaxis, ____ can occur rapidly
death
Significant clues to the possibility of severe injuries in motor vehicle collisions include
death of a passenger
Airbags provide the final capture point of the passengers and decrease the severity of _______ injuries
deceleration
Devices should either be disposable or easy to clean and _________, which means to remove radiation, chemicals, or other hazardous materials
decontaminate
______ is the most reliable sign of a head injury
decreased level of consciousness
You are called to an automotive body shop for an assault patient. Law enforcement personnel have arrived and declared the scene safe. You and your partner find a man seated in an office holding the left side of his head. The patient was struck on the side of the head with a tire iron during a dispute with another employee. He was unconscious for approx 3 min. Which of the following describes the initial signs of a head injury
decreased level of consciousness, confusion and nausea
Older people develop an inability to differentiate colors and have
decreased night vision
During inhalation, the pressure in the chest _______
decreases
MRSA is commonly found on which of the following
decubitus ulcers, feeding tubes, & indwelling catheters
You must always drive
defensively
A patient w/ cardiac arrest secondary to ventricular fibrillation has the greatest chance for survival if
defibrillation is provided w/in 2 minutes.
First
degree burns involve only the epidermis.
If you encounter a patient with a colostomy or ileostomy bag, assess for signs of __________ if the patient has been complaining of diarrhea or vomiting
dehydration
8. When using the mnemonic CHILD ABUSE to assess a child for signs of abuse, you should recall that the "D" stands for
delay in seeking care.
hypovolemia may develop from sweating, fluid loss, insufficient fluid intake, or vomiting associated with
delirium
The slow onset of progressive disorientation, shortened attention span, and loss of cognitive function is called
delirium.
The function of the blood is to _ all of the body's cell's & tissues
deliver nutrients to
The function of the blood is to _________ all of the body's cells and tissues
deliver nutrients to
Transferring the patient to a receiving staff member occurs during the ________ phase
delivery
Which of the following is a reason for delivery of the fetus at the scene
delivery can be expected within a few minutes, there is a natural disaster, & there is severe inclement weather
The third stage of labor begins with the birth of the newborn and ends with
delivery of the placenta
Which of the following statements about changes to the gastrointestinal system is correct
dental loss is not a normal result of the aging process
Chronic ____________, or a persistent feeling of sadness or dispair, may be a symptom of a mental or physical disorder
depression
When obtaining a SAMPLE history for a patient with a diving emergency, pay special attention to all of the following dive parameters
depth, length of time the patient was underwater, the time of onset of symptoms
Nerve endings are located in the ________
dermis
The hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands are found in the
dermis
substance abuse is the misuse of any substance to produce a
desired effect
determination of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia should be
determined before administration of glucose
The last meal is particularly important in a patient with
diabetes
the accumulation of ketones and fatty acids in blood tissue can lead to a dangerous condition in a diabetic patient know as
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
The _______ separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
diaphragm
The chest extends from the lower end of the neck to the _______
diaphragm
The plaque that builds up in atherosclerosis obstructs blood flow and interferes with the vessels ability to:
dilate
injected poisons cannot be
diluted
You and your partner are assigned to a post at an extreme sports competition. You are called to asses a 23 year old man who was performing an air trick on his bike when he lost control and landed on the bottom of the concrete ramp. When you arrive, the patient is wake and alert and in extreme pain. He tells you he flew over his handlebars and felt both of his upper legs snap. He denies experiencing any loss of consciousness. You perform a secondary assesment of the netire body and find instability of the pelvis and deformity to the midshaft area of the femur in both legs. The patients injurues were the result of a/an
direct blow
a ___ fractures the bone at the point of impact
direct blow
You respond to a motor vehicle collision with a 29-year-old woman who struck the rearview mirror and has serious bleeding from the scalp. Her airway is open and respirations are normal. The pulse is a little rapid but strong and regular. Distal pulses are present, and there is no deformity to the skull. Most bleeding from the scalp can be controlled by
direct pressure
The quickest and MOST effective way to control external bleeding from an extremity is
direct pressure.
A _____ is a disruption of a joint in which the bone ends are no longer in contact
dislocation
A ___ produces actual deformity, distortion, of the limb by shortening, rotating, or angulation it
displaced fracture
Dislocation
disruption of a joint in which ligaments are damaged & the bone ends are no longer in contact
Late signs of abdominal injury include all of the following
distention. change in mental status, & pale, cool, moist skin
_________ is a condition in which small pouches protrude from the colon
diverticulosis
Which of the following is generally not acceptable when interviewing an older patient
do not initiate eye contact, because many geriatric patients might find this disrespectful
You and your partner are assigned to a post at an extreme sports competition. You are called to asses a 23 year old man who was performing an air trick on his bike when he lost control and landed on the bottom of the concrete ramp. When you arrive, the patient is wake and alert and in extreme pain. He tells you he flew over his handlebars and felt both of his upper legs snap. He denies experiencing any loss of consciousness. When you assess distal circulation in the patients lower extremities, you should palpate the ___ pulse
dorsalis pedis
Energy that is available to cause injury _______ when an object's weight doubles, but _______ when its speed doubles
doubles, quadruples
occlusive dressing
dressings made of petroleum (Vaseline) gauze, aluminum foil,/plastic that prevent air & liquids from entering/exiting a wound
__________ is the second most common cause of unintentional death among children in the United States
drowning
The LEAST common cause of death in patients over 65 years of age is
drug overdose.
Hypnotic
drug that exerts a sleep-inducing effect
Which of the following statements regarding dementia is false
due to memory loss, they are able to adapt easily to changes in their daily routine
Fracture are almost always associated with ____ of the surrounding soft tissue
ecchymosis
Signs of symptoms of insect stings or bites include all of the following EXCEPT
ecchymosis
____________ is heralded by the onset of convulsions, or seizures, resulting from severe hypertension in the pregnant woman
eclampsia
You should consider the possibility of a(n) ____________ in women who have missed a menstrual cycle and complain of a sudden stabbing and usually unilateral pain in the lower abdomen
ectopic pregnancy
__________ and _________ are two conditions that can cause vaginal bleeding in women who do not appear to be pregnant and who may not realize they are pregnant
ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion
Possible causes of vaginal bleeding include
ectopic pregnancy, cervical polyps, vaginal trauma
The most common life-threatening event in a rollover collision is ________
ejection
The most common life-threatening event in a rollover is _________ or partial ejection of the passenger from the vehicle
ejection
Death from a rollover motor vehicle crash is MOST often secondary to
ejection of the patient from the motor vehicle.
Use ________ ________ to warn oncoming vehicles of your presence
emergency lights
During the _______ phase, the team should review dispatch information and assign specific initial duties and scene management tasks to each team member
en route
The ________ phase may be the most dangerous part of the call
en route
it is time for your annual competency assessment. This test includes knowledge and skills assessments. yo regar to your emt textbook to prepare by answering simple questions provided. During the _____ phase of an ambulance call, the crew should review dispatch information about the nature of the call and the location of the patient
en route
The MOST effective way to prevent cardiopulmonary arrest in a newborn is to
ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation.
Before you begin caring for a patient with an open wound, you should
ensure standard precautions
________ is the term used when a person is caught within a closed area with no way out or who has a limb or other body part trapped
entrapment
It is 0300 hours and you and your partner are called to a private residence for an 86 year old man reporting a sudden onset of shortness of breath. on arrival, you observe an older home in need of repair. when you enter the home, you find that there are seven cats, and there is the strong odor of stale cat food and litter boxes. observing and documenting the condition in which you find the GEMS ------ assessment
environmental
The "E" of the GEMS diamond stands for
environmental assessment
The external layer of skin is the _______ and the inner layer is the _______
epidermis, dermis
Intracranial bleeding outside of the dura mater and under the skull is known as a(n)
epidural hematoma
an accumulation of blood between the skull & the dura mater is nearly always the result of a blow to the head that produces a linear fracture of the thin temporal bone is called a
epidural hemotoma
_________ is an infection of the soft tissue in the area above the vocal cords
epiglottitis
6. You respond to a sick child late at night. The child appears very ill, has a high fever, and is drooling. He is sitting in a tripod position, struggling to breathe. You should suspect
epiglottitis.
A ___ fracture occurs in a growth section of a child's bone, which may prematurely stop growth if not properly treated
epiphyseal
Nosebleeds/_ are a common problem that can occur spontaneously/from trauma
epistaxis
The purpose of the eustachian tube is to
equalize pressure in the middle ear when external pressure changes
Which of the following items are needed to care for life-threatening conditions
equipment for airway management, equipment for artificial ventilation, & oxygen-delivery devices
The middle ear is connected to the nasal cavity by the
eustachian tube
You and your partner are dispatched to the rodeo arena for a person reporting shortness of breath and chest pain. On arrival you are escorted to a trailer where you find a man in his mid 30s seated in a chair and leaning forward clutching his chest. He tells you that he was riding a bull when he was thrown off. He states that he landed hard on his right side and heard a loud pop. How often should this patient be reevaluated
every 5 min
You have responded to a motor vehicle collision and find a 21 year old man who has massive facial trauma. He is bleeding heavily and is unconscious., how often would you reassess his vitals during your ongoing assessment
every 5 minutes
You respond to a motorcycle accident for a 41 yo man who is unconscious He has obvious deformity to both lower legs and is bleeding moderately from an open fracture. His airway is open, and he is making gurgling noises. Pulse is rapid and weak. Distal pulses are very weak. You have loaded this patient and are en route to the hospital. You have secured the airway and immobilized the fractures. How often should you reassess his vital signs.
every 5 minutes
You are hired at the local EMS service. During your orientation, you are given a tour of the station and the ambulances you be riding on. Your duties include station cleanup and checking the unit for mechanical problems. You should also check all medical equipment and supplies
every day
An open wound that allows internal organs or fat to protrude through the wound is called
evisceration
A diabetic patient presents w/ a blood glucose level of 310 mg/dL & severe dehydration. The patient's dehydration is the result of
excretion of glucose & water from the kidneys.
wheezing is typically heard on
expiration (lower airway)
Which of the following is a stage of labor
expulsion of the baby, delivery of the placenta, & dilation of the cervix
Make sure to use __________ when attempting to control vaginal bleeding
external pads
Elderly pedestrians struck by a vehicle commonly suffer injuries to the
extremities
Globe
eyeball
The globe of the eye is also called the
eyeball.
The skull is divided into the cranium and the
face
the skull is composed of 2 groups of bones: the _ & the _ bones
face, cranium
Fertilization usually occurs when the egg is inside the
fallopian tube
Common causes of head injuries include all of the following
falls, motor vehicle collisions, sports injuries
when the body's cells do not receive the glucose they require, the body resorts to burning WHAT for energy
fats
The core body temperature should be assessed to determine the presence of a(n) __________
fever
You are responding to the dementia unit at a nursing home for respiratory distress. When you arrive, you notice that the patient is experiencing mild dyspnea and has an altered mental status. What can you do to help determine if the patient's altered mental status is appropriate for her underlying dementia
find a staff member who can explain the patient's underlying mental status to you
Extinguishing fires, preventing additional ignition, and removing any spilled fuel is primarily the responsibility of _______ _______
fire fighters
You and the patient should be covered with a thick, _________ _______ or ________ for protection from broken glass during disentanglement
fire-resistant canvas; blanket
For CPR to be effective, the patient must be lying supine on a(n) _________ surface.
firm
You respond to a 14-year-old boy who fell out of a tree at a local park. He is unresponsive. His airway is open and respirations are 16 breaths/min and regular. His pulse is strong regular. Distal pulses are present. You manage the cervical spine. Who should you ask for help in determining the how the injury happened
first responders, family members, & bystanders
________ _________ __________ respond initially to the scene with personnel and equipment to treat the sick and injured until an ambulance can arrive
first-responder vehicles
When assessing the abdomen, remember that elderly patients have a ________ __________ __________ and may not show signs of rigidity in abdominal trauma
flaccid abdominal wall
The region below the rib cage and above the hip is called the
flank
Treatment for abdominal evisceration includes
flexing the knees and legs to relieve pressure on the abdomen
Wheezing occurs because excessive ____ and mucus are secreted into the bronchial passages
fluid
It is 0300 hours and you and your partner are called to a private residence for an 86 year old man reporting a sudden onset of shortness of breath. on arrival, you observe an older home in need of repair. when you enter the home, you find that there are seven cats, and there is the strong odor of stale cat food and litter boxes. on auscultation of the patient's lungs your partner hears crackles. these lung sounds are caused by air passing through
fluid in the alveoli
When flushing an eye with saline to remove a foreign object, it is important to remember to
flush from the nose side of the eye toward the outside
Which of the following is not considered a potential cause of a developmental disability
folic acid deficiency
Located on the front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions of the head are soft spots, the _________
fontanelles
The ______ is a large opening at the base of the skull
foramen magnum
The brain connects to the spinal cord through a large opening at the base of the skull known as the
foramen magnum
Deceleration straps over the shoulders prevent the patient from continuing to move _________ in case the ambulance suddenly slows or stops
forward
Car seats are designed to be either ________ or ________; they cannot be mounted sideways on a bench seat
forward-facing, rear-facing
At no time should medical personnel enter a trench deeper that _________ ________ without proper shoring in place
four feet
The ideal procedure for moving a patient from the ground to the backboard is the
four person log roll
You are requested out to County Road 93 for a vehicle collision at a rural area known for serious crashes. After driving with lights and sirens for nearly 20 minutes to reach the scene, you arrive at the intersection at the east end of the county. As you pull up, you see 2 pickup trucks crushed into a mass of twisted, smoking metal. A sheriff's deputy is shouting and waving you over to the passenger side door of one of the demolished trucks. You quickly look down all four roads leading to the scene and note that they are deserted as far as you can see. Which phase of an ambulance call does this scenario demonstrate
fourth
All of the following conditions refer to when exposed parts of the body become very cold, but not frozen
frostnip, trench foot, & immersion foot
The ambulance inspection should include checks of
fuel level, brake fluid, & wheels and tires
_______ burns may involve the subcutaneous layers, muscle, bone, or internal organs
full-thicknes
Depression & schizophrenia are examples of
functional disorders.
You may help control bleeding by massaging the __________ after delivery of the placenta
fundus
Which of the following is not considered a common condition of the elderly
gastroenteritis
Which of the following should Not be used as an occlusive dressing
gauze pads
A type of seizure that is characterized by severe twitching of all the body's muscles & lasts for several minutes/longer is called a(n)
generalized seizure.
You and you partner are called to a private residence for a woman in labor. On arrival, you find a 27 year old woman lying on the living room couch and she appears to be having a contraction. Following delivery, what is the correct way to stimulate the newborn to breathe
gently rub the newborn's back
Which of the following is true regarding delivery with a nuchal cord
gently slip the cord over the infant's head or shoulder, encourage the woman to push harder and faster after cutting the cord, & clamp the cord and cut it, then gently unwind it from around the neck if wrapped around more than once
Which of the following is not a common stereotype regarding geriatrics
geriatric patients are likely to die on an EMS call
As cells on the surface of the skin are worn away, new cells form in the ______ layer
germinal
Which of the following statements is
gestational diabetes will clear up in most women after delivery, as pregnancy progresses, the uterus enlarges and rises out of the puelvis, & some cultures may not permit male EMTs to examine a female patient
without ________________________ or with very low levels, brain cells rapidly suffer permanent damage
glucose
Type 1 diabetes is a condition in which
glucose utilization is impaired.
Symptoms of ____________ appear approximately 2 to 10 days after exposure
gonorrhea
A ___ fracture is an incomplete fracture that passes only pathway through the shaft of a bone but may still cause severe angulation
greenstick
___________ can be very messy, sometimes involving large amounts of blood and bodily fluids
gynecologic emergencies
All of the following are common predisposing events that can lead to suicide in the elderly except
hallucinations
Medium-velocity penetrating injuries may be caused by a
handgun
The alveoli in an older patient's lung tissue can become enlarged and less elastic, making it
harder to exhale air
The primary purpose of a "jump kit" is to
have available all of the equipment that will be used in the first 5 minutes.
If there are downed power lines near a vehicle involved in a crash, you should
have the patient remain in the vehicle
In addition to posing a threat to you and others at the scene, _______ _________ may pose a threat to a much larger area and population
hazardous materials
2. When a small child falls from a significant height, the ______ MOST often strikes the ground first
head
You are called to an automotive body shop for an assault patient. Law enforcement personnel have arrived and declared the scene safe. You and your partner find a man seated in an office holding the left side of his head. The patient was struck on the side of the head with a tire iron during a dispute with another employee. He was unconscious for approx 3 min. when you secure this patient to a backboard, what is the area of the body you should secure last
head
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road. On arrival you see a single vehicle in an embankment. The scene appears to be safe. The car has front-end damage and a starred windshield. You find an unrestrained driver sitting in the driver's seat. He opens his eyes when you speak to him; however; he is confused and unable to tell you what happened, but he follows your commands. Examination reveals a laceration on the center of his forehead and a large bruise on his chest. Pulses and motor and sensory function are present in all extremities. His pulse is rapid, and breathing is slightly labored: You would use the Revised Trauma Score scoring system for this patient due to the potential for what type of trauma?
head
Which of the following is the most common cause of death from a blast injury
head trauma
Considered types of motorcycle impacts
head-on, angular, & controlled collision
A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. The following is considered a type of impact associated with a motorcycle crash
head-on, controlled, & ejection
________ _________ can be either external or internal, depending on the type of hearing damage
hearing aids
For many decades after 1906, a(n) __________ was the vehicle that was most often used as an ambulance
hearse
All organs depend on the ______ to provide a rich blood supply
heart
You and you partner are called to a private residence for a woman in labor. On arrival, you find a 27 year old woman lying on the living room couch and she appears to be having a contraction. Once appropriate respiratory effort is present in the newborn after delivery, what is the next most important measure in determining the newborn's need for resuscitation
heart rate
Burns may result from all of the following
heat, toxic chemicals, & electricity
Calcaneus
heel bone
Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding in both trauma and medical patients include
hematemesis
_______ is vomited blood
hematemesis
A _ is blood that has collected w/in a damaged tissue/in a body cavity when a large blood vessel is damaged & bleeds rapidly
hematoma
A(n) _______ occurs whenever a large blood vessel is damaged and bleeds
hematoma
You are dispatched to a private residence for a person experiencing abdominal pain. You arrive to find a 25 year old man lying on the couch in the fetal position. He states he was tackled while playing football 3 days ago and now the pain is becoming progressivly worse. He is pale and diaphoretic. an exam of the abdomen shows bruising over the right and left upper quadrants, rebound tenderness, and guarding. The patient states the pain radiates to his right shoulder. Assessment of his vitals signs shows a pulse rate of 130 beats/min, BP of 90/60 and respirations of 24 breaths per min. Which of the following signs would indicate and injury to the kidney has occured
hematuria
A lack of the one or more of the blood's clotting factors is called
hemophilia
__________ is a congenital condition in which the patient lacks one or more of the normal clotting factors of blood
hemophilia
Signs & symptoms of a chest injury include all of the following
hemoptysis, asymmetrical chest movement, & increased pain w/ breathing
A 56-year-old man experienced a sudden, severe headache & then became unresponsive. He has a history of high blood pressure. The MOST likely cause of his condition is a(n)
hemorrhagic stroke.
_________ and long-term exposure to loud noises are the main factors that contribute to hearing loss
heredity
Contributing factors to the development of heat illnesses include all of the following
high air temperature, vigorous exercise, & high humidity
The ________ is the most visible, effective warning device for clearing traffic in front of the vehicle
high-beam flasher unit
____ produce severed damage to the skeleton, surrounding soft tissues, and vital internal organs
high-energy injuries
The humerus connects with the radius and ulna to form the ______________ elbow joint
hinged
Small areas of generalized itching and/or burning that appear as multiple raised areas on the skin
hives
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of a laryngeal injury
hoarseness, difficulty breathing, & subcutaneous emphysema
breath
holding syncope- Loss of consciousness caused by a decreased breathing stimulus.
What is insulin
hormone that helps metabolize glucose
the ingestion of marijuana can lead to cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, resulting in extreme nausea and vomiting. How are these symptoms typically relieved?
hot showers
It is 0300 hours and you and your partner are called to a private residence for an 86 year old man reporting a sudden onset of shortness of breath. on arrival, you observe an older home in need of repair. when you enter the home, you find that there are seven cats, and there is the strong odor of stale cat food and litter boxes. what assessment question should you ask to help clarify his symptoms of a sudden feeling of suffocation and respiratory distress
how many pillows do you sleep on
Questions to ask when obtaining a history from a patient appearing to have an allergic reaction include
how the patient was exposed
An increase in CO2 in the blood is known as ________
hypercarbia
the sweet fruity odor on the breath of a patient is commonly found in what condition
hyperglycemia
A woman called EMS because her 12-year-old son, who had been experiencing excessive urination, thirst, & hunger for the past 36 hours, has an altered mental status & is breathing fast. You should be MOST suspicious for
hyperglycemic crisis.
Which of the following is not a factor that affects the development of osteoporosis
hypertension
Severe acute alcohol ingestion may cause
hypoglycemia
More extensive closed injuries may involve significant swelling and bleeding beneath the skin, which could lead to
hypolvelimic shock
the presence of WHAT or respiratory distress indicates that the patient is having a sever enough allergic reaction to lead to death
hypoperfusion
A patient experiencing weight gain, fatigue, cold intolerance, drier skin and hair, and a slower heart rate could be suffering from
hypothyroidism
_____________ shock is a condition in which low blood volume results in inadequate perfusion or even death
hypovolemic
your ability to recognize and manage the many signs and symptoms of allergic reactions may be the only thing standing between a patient and
imminent death
Which of the following is not considered a typical intervention when treating an elderly patient
immobilization
When a patient is not mentally competent to grant consent, the law assumes that there is __________ _________
implied consent
perineum
in females, the area between the anus and the vagina
You have a patient who has had a tooth knocked out. You find the tooth. How would you transport it to the hospital
in saline
statements regarding the treatment of an ambulance
in some areas, wrapping the amputated part in a dry sterile dressing is appropriate. In some areas wrapping the amputated part in the dressings moistened with sterile saline is appropriate. after wrapping the amputated part, place it in a plastic bag
which of the following is a contraindication to the administration of oral glucose
inability to swallow
Unless otherwise instructed, only the _______ _______ should communicate any news or progress of a search and rescue to a victim's family
incident commander
All of the following are associated with altered mental status Except
incontinence
during a transport when you reassess the patient you find the left pupil dilated & fixed. what does this indicate
increased intercranial pressure
You are called to an automotive body shop for an assault patient. Law enforcement personnel have arrived and declared the scene safe. You and your partner find a man seated in an office holding the left side of his head. The patient was struck on the side of the head with a tire iron during a dispute with another employee. He was unconscious for approx 3 min. During the transport, you reassess and find the left pupil dilated and fixed. what does this indicate
increased intracranial pressure
You respond to a 38-year-old man who fell while rock climbing. He is unconscious with an open airway. The respiration and pulse rates are within normal limits. His distal pulses are intact. You check his pupils and find that they are unequal. You know this could be a sign of
increased intracranial pressure.
Known risk factors for Down syndrome include
increased maternal age.
If the typical adult loses more than 1 L of blood, significant changes in vital signs, such as _________ , will occur
increased respiratory rate
Cholinergic agents overstimulate normal body functions that are controlled by parasympathetic nerves causing
increased salivation
Common signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax include all of the following
increasing respiratory distress, distended neck, & tracheal deviation away from the injured site
Your awareness of and concern for potentially serious obvious and underlying injuries is referred to as the
index of suspicion
Certain injury patterns occur w/ certain types of injury events. The _ of _ is your awareness & concern of potentially serious underlying & unseen injuries
index, suspision
a ___ may cause a fracture or dislocation at a distant point
indirect force
All of the following are correct regarding postterm pregnancy
infants can be larger, sometimes weighing 10 pounds (4.5 kg) or more, there is an increased risk of meconium aspiration, & postterm is considered past 2 weeks gestation
Rabid
infected w/ rabies
One common problem following burn injuries in children is __________
infection
You respond to a 68 year old man who was involved in a motor vehicle collision. He is unresponsive, and as you approach you notice he is not breathing. He was unrestrained and has massive facial injuries. When you check his airway, it is obstructed. Which of the following is Not likely to cause an upper airway obstruction in a patient with facial trauma
inflamed tonsils
Most poisonings occur via the _ route
ingestion
The presence of burning of the mucous membranes around the mouth suggests
ingestion of poison
diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the hormone _____________ is missing or ineffective
insulin
oral diabetic medications do NOT include
insulin
what is the hormone that is normally produced by the pancreas that enables glucose to enter the cells AKA "the key"
insulin
An important part of the assessment process for a patient with special needs is to
interact with the caregiver.
You and your partner are dispatched to the rodeo arena for a person reporting shortness of breath and chest pain. On arrival you are escorted to a trailer where you find a man in his mid 30s seated in a chair and leaning forward clutching his chest. He tells you that he was riding a bull when he was thrown off. He states that he landed hard on his right side and heard a loud pop. which of the following blood vessels can be lacerated by a fractured rib
intercostal artery or vein
accumulation of blood w/in the skull/swelling of the brain can rapidly lead to an increase in ICP, defined as
intercranial pressure
_______ bleeding is any bleeding in a cavity or space inside the body
internal
your unit is dispatched to a roadside construction site for a blast-related injury. fire department personnel arrive before you and radio to tell you that the scene is safe. on your arrival, you are informed that your patient is a 46 year old man who had been blasting rock and had set the fuse too short. as he was leaving the area to seek cover from the explosion, he was blown forward onto a gravel area. he tells you that he remembers everything and he did not have a loss of consciousness. he also indicated that the entire front of his body hurts and he can't hear well. he denies having any past medical history or allergies and does not take any medication. on examination you find minor bleeding from his ears and some cuts and bruises to his arms. as you remove his clothing, you find that his chest and abdomen are bruised. he reports increasing pain and experiences severe trouble breathing. as you begin your transport you notice that he is now has hematemesis cool and clammy skin, tachycardia, and hypotension. which condition is likely when signs of hypotension, tachycardia, and cool, clammy skin are found
internal bleeding
________ crashes are the most common and usually the most serious type of collision in which ambulances are involved
intersection
The most common and often most serious ambulance crashes occur at/on
intersections.
Vertebrae are separated by cushions called
intervertebral disks
a patient with hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia may appear to be
intoxicated
A(n) ________ involves bleeding within the brain tissue itself
intracerebral hematoma
Hyperglycemia
is a diabetic crisis which is considered to be a slower progression of signs & symptoms, hours to days, where Hypoglycemia is considered to be a rapid onset of signs & symptoms.
Ventricular fibrillation
is a disorganized, ineffective quivering of the ventricles. No blood is pumped through the body, & the patient usually becomes unconscious w/in seconds.
Stridor
is a harsh, high pitched respiratory whistling sound, generally heard during inspiration, that is caused by a partial blockage/narrowing of the upper airway.
Tachycardia
is a rapid beating of the heart, 100 beats/min,/more.
Traumatic asphyxia
is a sudden, severe compression of the chest.
Aneurysm
is a swelling/enlargement of part of a blood vessel, resulting from weakening of the vessel wall,
Cerebrovascular Accident(CVA) stroke
is an interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function.
Shock
is inadequate tissue perfusion.
When treating a patient with autism, remember that the patient
is not likely to maintain eye contact with you
Glucose (dextrose)
is one of the basic sugars of the body &, in conjuction w/ Oxygen, is the primary fuel for cellular metabolism
You and you partner are called to a private residence for a woman in labor. On arrival, you find a 27 year old woman lying on the living room couch and she appears to be having a contraction. The answer to which of the following questions will help you determine whether delivery for this patient is imminent
is this your first baby?
You and you partner are called to a private residence for a woman in labor. On arrival, you find a 27 year old woman lying on the living room couch and she appears to be having a contraction. When your partner asks the patient about any complications related to this pregnancy, she tells you that she has been on bed rest for 7 weeks because she was diagnosed with preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is dangerous because
it can lead to eclampsia and seizures
Which of the following statements regarding hemothorax is correct
it can only be treated by a surgeon
All of the following are true of delirium except
it develops slowly over a period of years
Which of the following statements regarding depression is true
it is diagnosed three times more commonly in women than in men
When documenting abnormal behavior
it is important to: document everything that happened on the call
Which of the following of the following statements regarding the brown recluse spider is
it lives mostly in the southern & central parts of the country, venom is not neurotoxic, & bites rarely cause systemic signs & symptoms
True statements about compartment syndrome
it occurs 6-12 hours after an injury. It is usually a result of excessive bleeding, a severely crushed extremity, or a rapid return of blood to an ischemic limb. It is characterized by pain that is out of proportion to the injury
The main advantage of the AED is
it provides quick delivery of a shock, it is easier than performing CPR.& there is no need for ALS providers to be on scene.
In a patient with a suspected head injury, you should use the _______ method for opening the airway
jaw-thrust
when reassessing the diabetic patient after administration of oral glucose, watch for all of the following EXCEPT
joint pain
a (DVT) deep vein thrombosis is a worrisome risk for patients who have had
joint replacement surgery
______ are held together in a tough fibrous structure known as a capsule
joints
A(n) _______ _________ is a portable kit containing items that are used in the initial care of the patient
jump kit
when fat is used as an immediate energy source _____________ and fatty acids are formed as waste products
ketones
Patients with __________ will require padding in order to keep the patient supine
kyphosis
A _ is a jagged cut in the skin caused by a sharp object/a blunt force that tears the tissue, whereas an incision is a sharp, smooth cut
laceration
Which of the following is Not a cause of no traumatic internal bleeding
laceration
________ impacts are commonly referred to as t-bone crashes
lateral
A T-bone collision typically refers to a(n) ________ impact
lateral (side)
Controlling traffic at a scene is typically the responsibility of
law enforcement
Violent or dangerous people should be managed by ___________ _________ before emergency care is rendered
law enforcement
You should request assistance of a ----- when a mentally impaired patient refuses to go to the hospital
law enforcement officer
A lack of identifiable _________ at the scene hinders the rescue effort and patient care
leadership
You respond to a child who has placed a pebble in his ear. He is complaining that his ear hurts. You should
leave the pebble in the ear and transport
The ______ is the thickest chamber of the heart
left ventricle
A(n) _______ ________ ________ _________ is a special piece of medical equipment that takes over the function of either one or both heart ventricles
left ventricular assist device
With _________ heart failure, fluid backs up into the lungs
left-sided
Rape is considered a _____ diagnosis, not a medical diagnosis
legal
It is important to remove a drowning victim from the water before laryngospasm relaxes because
less water will have entered the patient's lungs.
You and your partner are called to an elementary school for an 8-year-old boy with an altered mental status. You find the child lying supine on the cafeteria floor. A teacher is waiting with the patient and the scene is safe. The teacher states that the child finished his lunch and began "shaking" in his chair, at which point the teacher moved him to the floor. Your general impression provides the following, there are no life threats, he is alert, his work of breathing is unlabored. His skin color is pink. His airway is open and clear, his respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min and his pulse rate are 90. The child is responsive to verbal stimuli and is confused as to what happened and where he is. You do not see any injuries or skin rashes. During your transport and secondary assessment, which finding will help you determine when this patient is no longer in a postictal state
level of consciousness
your unit is dispatched to a roadside construction site for a blast-related injury. fire department personnel arrive before you and radio to tell you that the scene is safe. on your arrival, you are informed that your patient is a 46 year old man who had been blasting rock and had set the fuse too short. as he was leaving the area to seek cover from the explosion, he was blown forward onto a gravel area. he tells you that he remembers everything and he did not have a loss of consciousness. he also indicated that the entire front of his body hurts and he can't hear well. he denies having any past medical history or allergies and does not take any medication. on examination you find minor bleeding from his ears and some cuts and bruises to his arms. as you remove his clothing, you find that his chest and abdomen are bruised. he reports increasing pain and experiences severe trouble breathing. as you begin your transport you notice that he is now has hematemesis cool and clammy skin, tachycardia, and hypotension. after considering this, which factor should you consider next
level of consciousness
The knee is especially susceptible to ___ injuries, which occur when abnormal bending or twisting forces are applied to the joint
ligament
Because of local tenderness and swelling, it is easy to confuse a non displaced or minimally displaced fracture at the knees with a
ligament injury
You cannot successfully deliver a ______________ presentation in the field
limb
A laceration may be all of the following
linear, deep, & jagged
It is 0300 hours and you and your partner are called to a private residence for an 86 year old man reporting a sudden onset of shortness of breath. on arrival, you observe an older home in need of repair. when you enter the home, you find that there are seven cats, and there is the strong odor of stale cat food and litter boxes. you find your patient sitting upright in his bed with 4 pillows behind him. he is having difficulty speaking because of a previous stroke. which interview technique should you use when addressing the patient
listen carefully to the answers the patient provides
You are dispatched to a private residence for a person experiencing abdominal pain. You arrive to find a 25 year old man lying on the couch in the fetal position. He states he was tackled while playing football 3 days ago and now the pain is becoming progressivly worse. He is pale and diaphoretic. an exam of the abdomen shows bruising over the right and left upper quadrants, rebound tenderness, and guarding. The patient states the pain radiates to his right shoulder. Assessment of his vitals signs shows a pulse rate of 130 beats/min, BP of 90/60 and respirations of 24 breaths per min. the patients pain radiating to the right shoulder is most likley reffered from the
liver
where is glycogen stored in the body
liver
Which of the following is a solid organ of the abdomen
liver, spleen, & pancreas
injected poisons are impossible to dilute or remove because they are usually absorbed quickly into the body or cause intense
local tissue destruction
You & your partner are traveling to the headquarters for your monthly in-service training session when you are dispatched to the home of an 18 year old woman w/ a high fever. The dispatcher tells you the patient has autism. If you are having difficulty gaining the patient's trust, you should
look around for a favorite toy or object and ask the patient about it.
You respond to a multiple-vehicle collision. You and your partner are reviewing dispatch information en route to the scene. You will be at a major intersection of two state highways. As you approach the scene, you review the guidelines for sizing up the scene. The guidelines include
looking for safety hazards, evaluating the need for additional units or other assistance, & evaluating the need to stabilize the spine
You have called for an air ambulance. While your partner is monitoring the patient, he tells you to go set up a landing zone for the helicopter. When clearing a landing site for an approaching helicopter, look for
loose debris, electric or telephone wires, & poles
Which of the following is considered a possible effect to the fetus when the mother is a known substance abuser
low birth weight, prematurity, & severe respiratory depression
During delivery, after the head has been delivered and the shoulder appears
lower the head a little to deliver the upper shoulder
You are called to an automotive body shop for an assault patient. Law enforcement personnel have arrived and declared the scene safe. You and your partner find a man seated in an office holding the left side of his head. The patient was struck on the side of the head with a tire iron during a dispute with another employee. He was unconscious for approx 3 min. During transport, the patient loses consciousness. The time between the 2 periods of unconsciousness is referred to as the
lucid interval
Blood enters the left atrium from the
lungs
Your primary concern when dealing with an unresponsive patient with an open abdominal injury is
maintaining the airway
Splinting an extremity, even when there is no fracture, may
make it easier to move the patient
Splinting will do all of the following
make it easier to transfer the patient, help prevents restriction of distal blood flow, reduce pain
Upon delivery of the baby's head, you note that the umbilical cord is wrapped around its neck. You should
make one attempt to slide the cord over the head.
When on an emergency call, before proceeding past a stopped school bus with its lights flashing you should stop before reaching the bus and wait for the driver to
make sure the children are safe, close the bus door, & turn off the warning lights
a patient who presents with vomiting, signs of shock, and history of eating disorder and alcohol abuse is likely to be suffering from
mallory-weiss syndrome
Treatment of electrical burns includes all of the follow
manintaing the aiway, monitoring the patient closely for respiratory/cardiac arrest, & splinitng any suspected injuries
9. A 4-year-old girl fell from a second-story balcony and landed on her head. She is unresponsive; has slow, irregular breathing; has a large hematoma to the top of her head; and is bleeding from her nose. You should
manually stabilize her head, open her airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver, insert an airway adjunct, and begin assisting her ventilations with a bag-valve mask.
Signs and symptoms of a dislocated joint include
marked deformity, tenderness or palpation, locked joint
All of the following are possible causes of cerebral palsy except
maternal preeclampsia
A(n) ________ _______ _________ is a device that depresses the sternum via a compressed gas-powered plunger mounted on a backboard.
mechanical piston device
A patient who has a significant ____________ ________________ _________________ but whose condition appears otherwise stable should also be transported promptly to the closest appropriate hospital
mechanism of injury
Your quick primary assessment of the patient and evaluation of the ________ can help to direct lifesaving care and provide critical information to the hospital staff
mechanism of injury
Which of the following refers to green or foul-smelling amniotic fluid
meconium staining
A(n) _______ emergency occurs when the patient has an illness or condition that is not caused by an outside force
medical
A(n) _______ emergency occurs when the patient has an illness or condition that is not caused by an outside force: medical
medical
The MOST important reason for promptly transporting a stroke patient to the hospital is
medications may be given to reverse the stroke.
Which of the following inhibits the body's ability to control bleeding
medications that interfere with normal clotting
For every emergency request, the dispatcher should gather and record all of the following except
medications that the patient is currently taking
The Adam's apple is more prominent in ________ than in ________
men than in women
The ______ is composed of 3 layers of tissue that suspend the brain and spinal cord within the skull and spinal canal
meninges
The dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater are layers of _____ within the skull and spinal canal
meninges
the CNS is futher protect by the _, 3 distinct layers of tissue that suspend the brain & the spinal canal. the dura mater, arachnoid & the pia matter
meninges
Women will continue to experience menstruation until they reach ______________
menopause
The first signs of hypovolemic shock is a change in
mental status
You must always be _________ and _______ prepared for any incident that requires rescue or extrication
mentally; physically
blood glucose levels are measured in
milligrams per deciliter
4. The purpose of a shunt is to
minimize pressure within the skull.
In subduing a disturbed patient, use the ____________ force necessary
minimum
the onset of hypoglycemia can occur within
minutes
A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. Burns from hot gases and respiratory injuries from inhaling toxic gas are associated with which type of blast injury
miscellaneous
You have a male patient who has no immediate life threat, but does have bleeding genitalia. You should bandage with a
moist dressing
if you are treating a patient with an abdominal evisceration, you should use a
moist, sterile dressing
7. Treatment for a semiconscious child who swallowed an unknown quantity of pills includes
monitoring the child for vomiting, administering oxygen, and transporting.
When assessing a stab wound, it is important for the EMT to remember that
more internal damage may be present than the external wound suggests.
Concerning the delivery of the placenta, which of the following is an emergency situation
more than 30 minutes have elapsed and the placenta has not delivered, there is ore than 500 mL of bleeding before delivery of the placenta, & there is significant bleeding after delivery of the placenta
Statements regarding chemical burns
most chemical burns are caused by strong acids/alkalis, Fumes of strong chemicals can cause burns to the respiratory tract, & You should not attempt to neutralize an acid burn w/ an alkaline chemical
approximately 80% of all poisoning is by ingestion, including plants, contaminated food, and
most drugs
The ______ nerves carry info to the muscles
motor
A 30-year-old male, who has been playing softball all day in a hot environment, complains of weakness & nausea shortly after experiencing a syncopal episode. Appropriate treatment for this patient includes all of the following
moving him to a cooler environment at once, administering oxygen via nonrebreathing mask, & placing him in a supine position and elevating his legs.
Proper removal of a critically injured patient from an automobile involves
moving the patient in smooth, slow, controlled steps.
Conjunctiva
mucous membrane that lines the eyelids & outer surface of the eyeball
________ trauma is a term that describes a person who has been subjected to multiple traumatic injuries involving more than one body system
multi system
Polypharmacy is a term used to describe a patient who takes
multiple medications
Anaphylaxis is not always life threatening, but it typically involves
multiple organ systems
Which of the following is Not a symptom of a concussion
muscle tremors
The _______ only requires a minimal blood supply when at rest
muscles
A _______ is the result of blunt chest trauma and is associated with an irregular pulse and sometimes dangerous cardiac rhythms
myocardial contusion
Leukotrienes
n Chemical substances that contribute to anaphylaxis; released by the immune system in allergic reaction
Using the patient's ________ shows respect and helps the patient to focus on your questions
name
All of the following are associated with Down syndrome except
narrow-set eyes
The nasal cavity is divided into two chambers by the
nasal septum
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road where a single vehicle us up on an embankment. The vehicle has front-end damage and a starred windshield. The unrestrained driver is lying supine in the road; the police report that they found the patient outside of the vehicle. He is unconscious & has depression if the left temporal area, both eyes are black & blue, and one pupil is dilated whereas the other is normal. The patient has blood coming from the nose & mouth, & palpation reveals subcutaneous emphysema around the clavicles & chest area. The patient's breaking is labored, & the pulse is rapid & thready. What type of airway adjunct should be used to maintain a patent airway in this patient
nasopharyngeal airway
Ambulances today are designed according to strict government regulations based on ___________ standards
national
signs and symptoms of staphylococcal food poisoning include
nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
If you suspect that a patient has compartment syndrome, splint the affected limb, keeping it at the level of the heart, and provide immediate transport, reassessing _____________ __________________ frequently during transport
neurovascular status
An ambulance call has ________ phases
nine
in most cases would a sport helmet such as a football helmet need to be removed from the patient
no
Which of the following is a pertinent negative to note during your assessment of a patient with chest trauma
no associated shortness of breath, no rapid breathing, & no areas of deformity
Signs and symptoms of possible abuse include all of the following except
no history of repeated visits to the emergency department or clinic
A ___ is also known as a hairline fracture
non displaced fracture
Airbags decrease injury to
nose, brain, & face
Epistaxis
nosebleed
__________ ___________ are facilities that serve patients who need 24-hour care; they are sometimes a step down from a hospital
nursing homes
You are requested out to County Road 93 for a vehicle collision at a rural area known for serious crashes. After driving with lights and sirens for nearly 20 minutes to reach the scene, you arrive at the intersection at the east end of the county. As you pull up, you see 2 pickup trucks crushed into a mass of twisted, smoking metal. A sheriff's deputy is shouting and waving you over to the passenger side door of one of the demolished trucks. You quickly look down all four roads leading to the scene and note that they are deserted as far as you can see. Which of the following would you most likely not need for this incident
obstetrics kit
The _ region is located on the posterior portion of the head
occiput
On neck wounds it is important that an air-tight/_ dressing be used, to reduce the possibility of an air embolism
occlusive
esophageal varices
occur when there is excess pressure within the portal system and surrounding vessel, may lead to life threatening bleeding
Hypothermia is more common among all of the following
older-individuals, infants & children, & those who are already ill
Which of the following statements regarding tactical emergency medical support is false
once you have checked in at the command post, you are free to roam the area looking for ways to help
Approximately ______ of the nose is composed of bone. The remainder is composed of cartilage
one-third
Blood leaves each chamber of a normal heart through a(n)
one-way valve
You are dispatched to the scene of a motor vehicle crash where a gasoline tanker truck has struck a small passenger van. The van is situated against a power pole and you note downed power lines. Where should you park the ambulance. You note three occupants. There are two adults in the front and a small child in a child safety seat in the rear. Patient care should be initiated:
only after all patients have been triaged.
Penetrating injury should alert you to the possibility of a(n) _______________ _______________
open fracture
regardless of the extent and severity of the damage to the skin, you should treat any injury that breaks the skin as a possible
open fracture
the most important step in caring for the unresponsive diabetic patient is to
open the airway
there are 2 general types of head injuries, _ head injuries & _ head injuries
open, closed
Inserting a(n) ________ ________ in a responsive patient may cause a spasm of the larynx and result in vomiting
oropharyngeal airway
A drop in blood pressure with a change in position is referred to as
orthostatic hypotension
________ is a progressive disease of the joints that destroys cartilage and leads to joint spurs and stiffness
osteoarthritis
Hip fractures are more likely to occur when bones are weakened by ________ or infection
osteoporosis
A penetrating wound that reaches the kidneys almost always involves _________
other organs
as you irrigate the eyes, make sure that fluid runs from the bridge of the nose
outward
_______ can increase intrathoracic pressure reducing cardiac output and potentially worsening chest injuries such as pneumothorax.
over-ventilation
A child in respiratory distress or possible respiratory failure needs supplemental _________
oxygen
__________ is a useful therapy for many geriatric problems, including vague complaints of weakness or dizziness
oxygen
Emergency care of a patient with hematologic disorder includes all of the following EXCEPT:
oxygen at 4 L/min for patients with inadequate breathing
Children not only have a higher metabolic rate, but also a higher _________ _________, which is twice that of an adult
oxygen demand
If you encounter a patient who has a hard lump beneath the skin in the chest near the heart, you should assume a patient has a ____________.
pacemaker
When immobilizing a small child, ______ may need to be added to maintain an in-line, neutral position
padding
The major complaint of patients with abdominal injury is
pain
Closed soft-tissue injuries are characterized by all of the following
pain at the site of injury, swelling beneath the skin, & a history of blunt trauma
Comfort care, or _______ _______, improves the patient's quality of life before the patient dies
palliative care
You and you partner are called to a private residence for a woman in labor. On arrival, you find a 27 year old woman lying on the living room couch and she appears to be having a contraction. The best way to assess this newborn's circulation is
palpate the brachial pulse
Which of the following is not considered a risk factor for geriatric patients to develop heart failure
palpitations
insulin is produced by the
pancreas
You are dispatched to a private residence for a person experiencing abdominal pain. You arrive to find a 25 year old man lying on the couch in the fetal position. He states he was tackled while playing football 3 days ago and now the pain is becoming progressivly worse. He is pale and diaphoretic. an exam of the abdomen shows bruising over the right and left upper quadrants, rebound tenderness, and guarding. The patient states the pain radiates to his right shoulder. Assessment of his vitals signs shows a pulse rate of 130 beats/min, BP of 90/60 and respirations of 24 breaths per min. Bleeding from solid organs may be causing shock to the patient. Which of the following are considered solid organs
pancreas and spleen
Anticholinergic medications have properties that block the
papasympathetic nerves
The _____ nervous system causes the body to relax
parasympathetic
The autonomic nervous system is composed of the sympathetic nervous system and the
parasympathetic nervous system
When you arrive at the scene where there is a potential for hazardous materials exposure
park your unit uphill of the scene
It is 0300 hours and you and your partner are called to a private residence for an 86 year old man reporting a sudden onset of shortness of breath. on arrival, you observe an older home in need of repair. when you enter the home, you find that there are seven cats, and there is the strong odor of stale cat food and litter boxes. the patient explains that he was awakened by a sudden feeling of suffocation and respiratory distress. what are his symptoms a characteristic of
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Patients with spina bifida will have
partial or full paralysis of the lower extremities
what does the p stand for in sample
past pertinent medical history
94 year old man fell while walking. Heard pop and fell. You suspect what kind of fracture
pathologic
All of the following are considered to be reasons for medication noncompliance except
patient disagrees with the diagnosis
Which of the following is true regarding airway management of patients with Down syndrome
patients often have large tongues
The ________ ________ ________ is a structured assessment tool that allows you to rapidly form a general impression of the pediatric patient's condition without touching him or her
pediatric assessment triangle
In addition to hip fractures, elderly people with osteoporosis are at risk for _________ fractures
pelvic
Open abdominal injuries are also known as
penetrating injuries
Opened abdominal injuries are also known as
penetrating injuries
________ causes injury by objects that pierce the surface of the body and cause damage to soft tissues, internal organs, and body cavities
penetrating trauma
A 30-year-old semiconscious man is pinned by the steering wheel of his badly wrecked vehicle. Once access has been gained to the patient, the EMT should
perform a primary assessment and provide any needed emergency care prior to extrication.
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road where a single vehicle us up on an embankment. The vehicle has front-end damage and a starred windshield. The unrestrained driver is lying supine in the road; the police report that they found the patient outside of the vehicle. He is unconscious & has depression if the left temporal area, both eyes are black & blue, and one pupil is dilated whereas the other is normal. The patient has blood coming from the nose & mouth, & palpation reveals subcutaneous emphysema around the clavicles & chest area. The patient's breaking is labored, & the pulse is rapid & thready. What is the priority for this Patient
perform spinal immobilization
______ is the circulation of blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells' current needs for oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal
perfusion
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system
Blood may irritate the _______ and cause the patient to report abdominal pain
peritoneal cavity
When ruptured, the organs of the abdominal cavity can spill their contents into the peritoneal cavity, causing an intense inflammatory reaction called
peritonitis
A 34-year-old woman w/ a recent history of pelvic inflammatory disease presents w/ acute severe abdominal pain. Her abdomen is distended & diffusely tender to palpation. Based on your findings thus far, you should suspect
peritonitis.
S/Sx of possible seizure activity including all the following Except:
petechiae
The ________ nerves supply the diaphragm
phrenic
Basic requirements for the driver to operate an ambulance safely include
physical fitness, emotional fitness, & proper attitude
What can be done for a patient with a tracheostomy who needs oxygen when you do not have a proper tracheostomy mask
place a face mask over the stoma
If a patient w/ an implanted pacemaker is in cardiac arrest, the EMT should
place the AED pads away from the pacemaker.
When cutting the umbilical cord
place the clamps 2 inches to 4 inches apart.
If a patient with vaginal bleeding presents with a rapid pulse and pale or cool skin, you should
place the patient in a supine position with her legs elevated.
When performing a physical exam on a victim of sexual assault, you should
place the patient's clothing into a paper bag.
after assisting with an EpiPen what is the first thing you should do is
place the used EpiPen in a biohazard container
A 21-year-old male has a large laceration to his neck. When you assess him, you note that bright red blood is spurting from the left side of his neck. You should immediately
place your gloved hand over the wound.
Premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus is known as
placenta abruptio
____________ is a condition in which the placenta develops over and covers the cervix
placenta previa
__________ are the key to formation of blood clots
platelets
________ line the area between the lungs and chest wall
pleura
All of the following are diseases or conditions that are associated with patients receiving hospice except
pneumonia
_______ is the leading cause of death from infection in Americans older than age 65 years
pneumonia
_________ is an inflammation/infection of the lung form bacterial, viral, or fungal causes
pneumonia
A _________ results when an injury allows air to enter through a hole in the chest wall or the surface of the lung as the patient attempts to breathe, causing the lung on that side to collapse
pneumothorax
Air collecting between the lung tissue and the chest wall is commonly referred to as a (n) _________
pneumothorax
You and your partner are dispatched to the rodeo arena for a person reporting shortness of breath and chest pain. On arrival you are escorted to a trailer where you find a man in his mid 30s seated in a chair and leaning forward clutching his chest. He tells you that he was riding a bull when he was thrown off. He states that he landed hard on his right side and heard a loud pop. Potential complications associated with fractured ribs may include all of the following
pneuomothorax, tension pneumothorax, hemothorax
When caring for patients who have fallen, you must identify the ____ and the mechanism of injury so that you will not overlook associated injuries
point of contact
____ is the most reliable indicator of an underlying fracture
point tenderness
Signs and symptoms of sprains include
point tenderness, pain preventing the patient from moving or using the limb normally, instability of the joint indicated by increased motion
"hunger" is
polyphagia
the term for excessive urination is
polyuria
It is 0300 hours and you and your partner are called to a private residence for an 86 year old man reporting a sudden onset of shortness of breath. on arrival, you observe an older home in need of repair. when you enter the home, you find that there are seven cats, and there is the strong odor of stale cat food and litter boxes. the pulse oximeter is unable to provide an accurate reading. what is a possible cause for this finding
poor circulation
Although substantial ligament damage always occurs with a knee dislocation, the more urgent injury is to the ___ artery, which is often lacerated or compressed by the displaced tibia
popliteal
You and your partner are called to an elementary school for an 8-year-old boy with an altered mental status. You find the child lying supine on the cafeteria floor. A teacher is waiting with the patient and the scene is safe. The teacher states that the child finished his lunch and began "shaking" in his chair, at which point the teacher moved him to the floor. Your general impression provides the following, there are no life threats, he is alert, his work of breathing is unlabored. His skin color is pink. His airway is open and clear, his respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min and his pulse rate are 90. The child is responsive to verbal stimuli and is confused as to what happened and where he is. You do not see any injuries or skin rashes. The teacher reports that after the child was moved to the floor, he stopped "shaking" and his breathing became rapid. This period is referred to as the
postictal state
Cleaning the vehicle inside and out, refueling the vehicle, disposing of contaminated waste, and replacing equipment and supplies all are accomplished during the __________ phase
postrum
Smoked crack produces the most rapid means of absorption and therefore the most
potnet effect
the DuoDote Auto-Injector is a single auto-injector containing 2 mg of atropine and 600 mg of
pralidoxime
A 23-year-old woman, who is 24 weeks pregnant with her first baby, complains of edema to her hands, a headache, and visual disturbances. When you assess her vital signs, you note that her blood pressure is 160/94 mm Hg. She is MOST likely experiencing
preeclampsia.
abruptio placenta
premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus
The first thing you do each day when you arrive at work is to make sure all equipment and supplies are functioning and in their assigned place. This is the __________ phase of transport operations
preparation
__________ is the gradual hearing loss that occurs as we age
presbycusis
__________ __________ form when a patient is lying or sitting in the same position for a long time
pressure ulcers
A 45-year-old convenience store clerk was shot in the right anterior chest during a robbery. Your assessment reveals that the wound has blood bubbling from it every time the patient breathes. Your MOST immediate action should be to
prevent air from entering the wound.
When caring for a chemical burn to the eye, the EMT should
prevent contamination of the opposite eye.
As an EMT, your objective when treating patients with face and neck injuries is to do all of the following
prevent further injury, manage any acute airway problems, & control bleeding
Damage to the body that resulted from a pressure wave generated by an explosion is found in what type of blast injury
primary
___________ is a situation in which the umbilical cord comes out of the vagina before the infant
prolapsed cord
All EMS personnel should wear proper _______ ________ while in the working area
protective gear
Which of the following is performed when caring for a mother with a prolapsed cord
provide high-flow oxygen and rapid transport, use your fingers to physically hold the infant's head off the cord, & position the mother to keep the weight of the infant off the cord
The first step in securing a patient to a short backboard is to
provide manual stabilization of the cervical spine
Patients may show agitation, violence, or become a threat to themselves or others when they experience a(n) ------- emergency
psychiatric
EMTS treating a patient of a sexual assault may not only be dealing with medical issues but with _______ as well
psychological
When a female reaches _______, she begins to ovulate and experience menstruation
puberty
A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. A patient complaining of chest tightness, coughing up blood, and subcutaneous emphysema following an explosion may be suffering from a
pulmonary blast injury
A patient presents with a sudden onset of shortness of breath 3 days following a delivery. What is the likely underlying cause of this condition
pulmonary embolism
A patient with leg pain who complains of sudden shortness of breath, tachycardia, fever, chest pain, and a feeling of impending doom is likely experiencing a(n)
pulmonary embolism
Which of these contains oxygen rich blood
pulmonary vein
The "P" of Apgar stands for
pulse
You and your partner are dispatched to the rodeo arena for a person reporting shortness of breath and chest pain. On arrival you are escorted to a trailer where you find a man in his mid 30s seated in a chair and leaning forward clutching his chest. He tells you that he was riding a bull when he was thrown off. He states that he landed hard on his right side and heard a loud pop. Diagnostic tools are used to assist you in assessing the severity of your patient's condition. What diagnostic tool is the most commonly used o evaluate the effectiveness of the respiratory system
pulse oximeter
Once the head and neck are manually stabilized, you should assess for
pulse, motor function, sensation
On completion of spinal immobilization, reassessment of _______, _______ and _______ function in each extremity is necessary
pulse, motor, sensory
Which of the following is Not a factor in the formation of blood clots
pumping function of the heart
If the baby is crowning and the amniotic sac has not yet ruptured, you should
puncture the sac away from the head and then push the sac away from the infant's face
when using the EpiPen auto-injector do all of the following except
put ice over the injection
The abdomen is divided into four
quadrants
______ is an acute, potentially fatal viral infection of the central nervous system that affects all warm-blooded animal
rabies
additional signs of skull fracture that you may see include ecchymosis that develops under the eyes _ _/behind the ears _ _
raccoon eyes, battle signs
When the vessels of the skin dilate, heat is _______ from the body
radiated
When removing an injured patient from a vehicle due to an environmental threat or the need to perform CPR, it is best to use the _________ technique
rapid extrication
Tachypnea
rapid respirations
your unit is dispatched to a roadside construction site for a blast-related injury. fire department personnel arrive before you and radio to tell you that the scene is safe. on your arrival, you are informed that your patient is a 46 year old man who had been blasting rock and had set the fuse too short. as he was leaving the area to seek cover from the explosion, he was blown forward onto a gravel area. he tells you that he remembers everything and he did not have a loss of consciousness. he also indicated that the entire front of his body hurts and he can't hear well. he denies having any past medical history or allergies and does not take any medication. on examination you find minor bleeding from his ears and some cuts and bruises to his arms. as you remove his clothing, you find that his chest and abdomen are bruised. he reports increasing pain and experiences severe trouble breathing. as you begin your transport you notice that he is now has hematemesis cool and clammy skin, tachycardia, and hypotension. effective primary treatment of this patient should consist of
rapid transport
A 70-year-old man presents w/ an acute onset of severe, tearing abdominal pain that radiates to his back. His BP is 88/66 mm Hg, pulse rate is 120 beats/min, & respirations are 26 breaths/min. Treatment for this patient should include
rapid transport to the hospital.
General guidelines to follow when caring for a patient w/ a behavioral crisis include all of the following, EXCEPT
rapidly transporting the patient.
Whiplash-type injuries are typically caused by ________ impacts
rear-end
After administering a nitroglycerin tablet to a patient, the EMT should
reassess the patient's blood pressure w/in 5 minutes.
You are requested out to County Road 93 for a vehicle collision at a rural area known for serious crashes. After driving with lights and sirens for nearly 20 minutes to reach the scene, you arrive at the intersection at the east end of the county. As you pull up, you see 2 pickup trucks crushed into a mass of twisted, smoking metal. A sheriff's deputy is shouting and waving you over to the passenger side door of one of the demolished trucks. You quickly look down all four roads leading to the scene and note that they are deserted as far as you can see. You end up transporting an unstable trauma patient from this scene. Assuming that the patient is breathing adequately, what should you be doing about every 5 minutes during the transport phase
reassessing vital signs
The main purpose of the top chambers of the heart (Atria) are to
receive
What following symptom should lead the EMT to suspect a diabetic emergency
recent change in mental status
your primary responsibility to the patient who has been poisoned is to
recognize that a poisoning occurred
A dislocated joint sometimes will spontaneously ______________, or return to its normal position
reduce
A vacuum mattress molds to the specific contours of the patient's body and
reduces pressure point tenderness, provides better comfort, provide thermal insulation
a hernia that returns to its proper body cavity is said to be
reducible
Which of the following is not a possible cause of visual impairment
regeneration of the eyeball, optic nerve, or nerve pathway
Epinephrine, whether made by the body or by a drug manufacturer, works rapidly to
relieve bronchospasm
All of the following are examples of passive rewarming techniques
removing cold, wet clothing, turning up the heat inside the ambulance, & covering the patient with warm blankets.
A woman has frostbite in both feet after walking several miles in a frozen field. Her feet are white, hard, & cold to the touch. Treatment at the scene should include
removing her wet clothing & covering her feet w/ dry, sterile dressings.
treatments for inhaled poisons include
removing the patient from the exposure
appropriate treatment of this patient includes all of the following
removing wet clothing, wrapping the patient in warm blankets, placing the patient in a heated ambulance
Which of the following is not a risk factor associated with the implantation of a left ventricular assist device
renal failure
Reflective listening, an assessment technique used when caring for patients w/ an emotional crisis, involves
repeating, in question form, what the patient tells you.
Your assessment of the patient experiencing an allergic reaction should include evaluations of all the following EXCEPT the
reproductive system
When driving with lights and siren, you are _______ drivers to yield the right-of-way
requesting
The _____ _______ should provide you with the entrance you need to gain access to the patient
rescue team
When restraining a patient on a stretcher, it is necessary to constantly reassess the patient's
respiration and circulation status
Down syndrome patients are at an increased risk for medical complications. Which of the following is not one of those potential complications
respiratory complications
Opioid analgesics are central nervous system depressants and can cause severe
respiratory depression
The need for and extent of newborn resuscitation is based on
respiratory effort, heart rate, and color.
_________ ________ occurs when the pediatric patient has exhausted all compensatory mechanisms and waste products begin to collect
respiratory failure
The ______ may drop as the brain becomes starved for oxygen and overload with carbon dioxide and other waste products
respiratory rate
As you approach an unconscious patient who is still in her wrecked vehicle, you note that there is a power line entangled in the wreckage of the vehicle. You should
retreat until the power line has been removed or the power is shut off.
Kidneys are located in the _______ space
retro-peritoneal
the _, are found in the
retroperitoneal space: kidneys, ovaries, and pancreas
A patient with blunt trauma who is holding the lateral side of his chest and has rapid and shallow respiration is most likely suffering from
rib fractures
You and your partner are dispatched to the rodeo arena for a person reporting shortness of breath and chest pain. On arrival you are escorted to a trailer where you find a man in his mid 30s seated in a chair and leaning forward clutching his chest. He tells you that he was riding a bull when he was thrown off. He states that he landed hard on his right side and heard a loud pop. the patients chest creveals a large bruise on the lateral aspect of the right side of the chest. When you palpate the area, the patient yells in extreme pain and cannot take a deep breath. What do you suspect
rib fractures
Contents of the chest are protected by the _______
ribs
The _ side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins
right
The _ ventricle pumps blood in through the pulmonary circulation
right
The ________ side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood from the veins
right
A ventricular atrium shunt drains excess fluid from the ventricles of the brain into the
right atrium of the heart
Patients with gastric tubes who have difficulty breathing should be transported sitting or lying on the
right side, with the head elevated 30 degrees
Basic types of splints
rigid, formable, traction
Which of the following is considered a type of impact from a motor vehicle collision
rollover
A 13-year-old girl is found floating face down in a swimming pool. Witnesses tell you that the girl had been practicing diving. After you & your partner safely enter the water, you should
rotate the entire upper half of her body as a unit, supporting her head & neck.
hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic, colorless, and flammable gas with a distinctive
rotten;egg odor
when an organ of the abdomen is enlarged, rough palpation may cause _ of the organ
rupture
When you arrive at a rescue scene, you should position your vehicle in a(n) ________ location
safe
During all phases of rescue, your primary concern is
safety
The skin covering the _______ is quite thick
scalp
The most important consideration when dealing with electrical burns is
scene safety
You are requested out to County Road 93 for a vehicle collision at a rural area known for serious crashes. After driving with lights and sirens for nearly 20 minutes to reach the scene, you arrive at the intersection at the east end of the county. As you pull up, you see 2 pickup trucks crushed into a mass of twisted, smoking metal. A sheriff's deputy is shouting and waving you over to the passenger side door of one of the demolished trucks. You quickly look down all four roads leading to the scene and note that they are deserted as far as you can see. Specifically regarding the transport of patients from this scene, you should immediately consider _________ before stepping out of the ambulance
scene safety
your unit is dispatched to a roadside construction site for a blast-related injury. fire department personnel arrive before you and radio to tell you that the scene is safe. on your arrival, you are informed that your patient is a 46 year old man who had been blasting rock and had set the fuse too short. as he was leaving the area to seek cover from the explosion, he was blown forward onto a gravel area. he tells you that he remembers everything and he did not have a loss of consciousness. he also indicated that the entire front of his body hurts and he can't hear well. he denies having any past medical history or allergies and does not take any medication. on examination you find minor bleeding from his ears and some cuts and bruises to his arms. as you remove his clothing, you find that his chest and abdomen are bruised. he reports increasing pain and experiences severe trouble breathing. as you begin your transport you notice that he is now has hematemesis cool and clammy skin, tachycardia, and hypotension. which if the first important factor to consider in this scenario
scene safety
In evaluating a situation that is considered a behavioral emergency, the first things to consider are
scene safety and patient response
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road. On arrival you see a single vehicle in an embankment. The scene appears to be safe. The car has front-end damage and a starred windshield. You find an unrestrained driver sitting in the driver's seat. He opens his eyes when you speak to him; however; he is confused and unable to tell you what happened, but he follows your commands. Examination reveals a laceration on the center of his forehead and a large bruise on his chest. Pulses and motor and sensory function are present in all extremities. His pulse is rapid, and breathing is slightly labored: What is your first concern in this situation?
scene size up
People with _____________ may experience symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, a lack of interest in pleasure, and erratic speech
schizophrenia
The ____________ _________________ is the most important nerve in the lower extremity; it controls the activity of muscles in the thigh and below the knee
sciatic nerve
The white of the eye is called the _ & extends over the surface of the globe
sclera
You are treating a woman who was stung numerous times by hornets. On assessment, you note that some of the stingers are still embedded in her skin. You should
scrape the stingers from her skin.
Blunt abdominal injuries may result from
seat belts
______ burns cause intense pain
second-degree
You and your partner are called to an elementary school for an 8-year-old boy with an altered mental status. You find the child lying supine on the cafeteria floor. A teacher is waiting with the patient and the scene is safe. The teacher states that the child finished his lunch and began "shaking" in his chair, at which point the teacher moved him to the floor. Your general impression provides the following, there are no life threats, he is alert, his work of breathing is unlabored. His skin color is pink. His airway is open and clear, his respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min and his pulse rate are 90. The child is responsive to verbal stimuli and is confused as to what happened and where he is. You do not see any injuries or skin rashes. If the patient begins seizing again during your care, which of the following would be your treatment priority
secure and clear the airway
Organic brain syndrome may be caused by
seizure disorders
Generalized
seizure formerly called a grand mal seizure, is typically characterized by unconsciousness & a generalized severe twitching of all the body's muscles that lasts several minutes/longer.
Febrile
seizure is a seizure that results from sudden high fevers, particularly in children.
Inhalant effects range from mild drowsiness to coma, but unlike most other sedative-hypnotics these agents may often cause
seizures
The difference between preeclampsia and eclampsia is the onset of
seizures
what are a potentially life-threatening complication of hypoglycemia
seizures
The two most common forms of hearing loss are _________ deafness and ________ hearing loss
sensorineural; conductive
You and your partner are assigned to a post at an extreme sports competition. You are called to asses a 23 year old man who was performing an air trick on his bike when he lost control and landed on the bottom of the concrete ramp. When you arrive, the patient is wake and alert and in extreme pain. He tells you he flew over his handlebars and felt both of his upper legs snap. He denies experiencing any loss of consciousness. Further assesment reveals the patient has no other injuries or life threats. His vitals are pulse 104 beats/min BP 118/72 and respirations of 20/min. Using the musculoskeletal grading system, you would classify this patients injuries as
severe
you and your partner are called for a 25-year-old man who was found unresponsive by two hikers in a remote area of a national forest. on arrival, you observe a young man lying supine on the ground with a liquor bottle nearby. despite near freezing temperatures he is dressed in a t-shirt and jeans. the patient's core body temperature is 80F at this temperature the patient's hypothermia would be classified as
severe
The first signs of peritonitis include all of the following
severe abdominal pain, tenderness, & muscular spasm
Signs and symptoms associated with hip dislocation include all of the following
severe pain in the hip, lateral and posterior aspects of the hip region are tender on palpation, being able to palpate the: femoral head deep within the muscles of the buttock
The amount of kinetic energy that is converted to do work on the body dictates the ________ of the injury
severity
Bath salts produce euphoria, increased mental clarity, and
sexual arousal
________ is inadequate tissue perfusion
shock
You are dispatched to a private residence for a person experiencing abdominal pain. You arrive to find a 25 year old man lying on the couch in the fetal position. He states he was tackled while playing football 3 days ago and now the pain is becoming progressivly worse. He is pale and diaphoretic. an exam of the abdomen shows bruising over the right and left upper quadrants, rebound tenderness, and guarding. The patient states the pain radiates to his right shoulder. Assessment of his vitals signs shows a pulse rate of 130 beats/min, BP of 90/60 and respirations of 24 breaths per min. On the basis of your findings, which of the following best describes the patients condition
shock resulting from blunt trauma
Patients with a decreased LOC
should not be given anything by mouth
You may allow a patient with a visual impairment to rest his or her hand on your ________, because this may help with balance and security while moving
shoulder
______ are tubes that extend from the brain to the abdomen to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid
shunts
an African American patient complaining of severe generalized pain may have undiagnosed
sickle cell disease
A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. Patients suffering from an open wound to the neck may experience all of the following
significant bleeding, air embolism, & subcutaneous crepitation
Significant airway burns may be associated with all of the following
singing of the hair w/in the nostrils, hoarseness, & hypoxia
The ________ is probably the most overused piece of equipment on an ambulance
siren
You have a patient who has severe epistaxis. You have been able to rule out trauma. How would you position this patient to help control the bleeding
sitting leaning forward
________ is the ability to recognize any possible issues once you arrive on the scene and to act proactively to avoid a negative impact
situational awareness
_________ is the ongoing process of information gathering and scene evaluation to determine measures for managing an emergency
size-up
The ________ is/are our first line of defense against external forces
skin
your unit is dispatched to a roadside construction site for a blast-related injury. fire department personnel arrive before you and radio to tell you that the scene is safe. on your arrival, you are informed that your patient is a 46 year old man who had been blasting rock and had set the fuse too short. as he was leaving the area to seek cover from the explosion, he was blown forward onto a gravel area. he tells you that he remembers everything and he did not have a loss of consciousness. he also indicated that the entire front of his body hurts and he can't hear well. he denies having any past medical history or allergies and does not take any medication. on examination you find minor bleeding from his ears and some cuts and bruises to his arms. as you remove his clothing, you find that his chest and abdomen are bruised. he reports increasing pain and experiences severe trouble breathing. as you begin your transport you notice that he is now has hematemesis cool and clammy skin, tachycardia, and hypotension. the minor bleeding from his ears is most likely an indication of
skull fracture
Eating certain foods, such as shellfish or nuts, may result in a relatively ___ reaction that can still be quite severe
slow
You are called to a neatly kept residence for an 80-year-old woman who lives by herself. She burned her hand on the stove and experienced a full-thickness burn. When treating this patient, it is important to note that
slowing of reflexes causes a delayed pain reaction in older people.
Alcohol is a powerful central nervous system depressant. It
slows reflexes
Which of the following is not considered a clue that your patient might be hearing impaired
slurred speech
Always position the airway in a neutral ________ ________
sniffing position
According to the GEMS diamond, a person's activities of daily living are evaluated during the
social assessment
Severe bleeding may occur with no injury to _______ organs
solid
The liver, spleen, pancreas, & kidneys are all considered _ organs in the abdomen
solid
The liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys are all considered _________ organs in the abdomen
solid
the part of the nervous system that regulate/control our voluntary activites, inclduing almost all coordinated musclar activites, is called the _ nervous system
somatic
Cave rescue, confined space rescue, and search and rescue are all considered to be ________ _______ situations
specialized rescue
The _____ is a tunnel running the length of the spine, which encloses and protects the spinal cord
spinal canal
The ----- is often injured during motor vehicle collisions, especially in the cases of improperly placed seat belts or impact from the steering wheel, falls from heights or onto sharp objects, and bicycle and motorcycle crashes where the patient hits the handlebars on impact
spleen
You are dispatched to a private residence for a person experiencing abdominal pain. You arrive to find a 25 year old man lying on the couch in the fetal position. He states he was tackled while playing football 3 days ago and now the pain is becoming progressivly worse. He is pale and diaphoretic. an exam of the abdomen shows bruising over the right and left upper quadrants, rebound tenderness, and guarding. The patient states the pain radiates to his right shoulder. Assessment of his vitals signs shows a pulse rate of 130 beats/min, BP of 90/60 and respirations of 24 breaths per min. What potentionally injured organs are found in the let upper quadrant
spleen and stomach
A ____ is an injury to the ligaments, the articular capsule, the synovial membrane, and the tendons crossing the joint
sprain
You should not use tweezers to remove an embedded stinger because
squeezing may cause the stinger to inject more venom in the: wound
57 year old man was kicked in the chest by a horse, his breathing is labored RR2o, pulse is rapid and regular, Upon examination of his chest, you notice paradoxical movement on the right chest wall. You should
stabilize the flail segment
You should not attempt to gain access into a vehicle until you are sure that it has been __________
stabilized
Emergency medical care of a patient with a possible spinal injury begins with
standard precautions
The six-pointed star that identifies vehicles that meet federal specifications as licensed or certified ambulances is known as the _________ ________ ___________
star of life
the classic _ on the windshield after an automobile crash is significant indicator of head injury. Be alert of signs & symptoms of head injury
star-shaped
Postictal
state is a period following a seizure that lasts between 5 & 30 minutes, characterized by labored respirations & some degree of AMS.
A young male experienced severe blunt chest trauma when his passenger car struck another vehicle head-on. During your inspection of the interior of his vehicle, you would MOST likely find
steering wheel deformity.
In the anterior chest, ribs connect to the ________
sternum
Which of the following is a hollow organ of the abdomen
stomach, bladder, & ureters
A ___ is a stretching of tearing of the muscle
strain
An 82 year old woman has slurred speech, weakness on the left side of her body, visual disturbances, and a headache. This patient is likely to be suffering from a
stroke
In most areas, an ambulance is dispatched with the fire department to any ________ ________
structure fire
Neck rigidity, bloody cerebrospinal fluid, and headache are associated with what kind of bleeding in the brain
subarachnoid hemorrhage
a slow collection of blood beneath the dura mater but outside the brain
subdural hematoma
AntidoteA
substance that is used to neutralize/counteract a poison.
You are dispatched to a motor vehicle crash on a rural road where a single vehicle us up on an embankment. The vehicle has front-end damage and a starred windshield. The unrestrained driver is lying supine in the road; the police report that they found the patient outside of the vehicle. He is unconscious & has depression if the left temporal area, both eyes are black & blue, and one pupil is dilated whereas the other is normal. The patient has blood coming from the nose & mouth, & palpation reveals subcutaneous emphysema around the clavicles & chest area. The patient's breaking is labored, & the pulse is rapid & thready. How should you manage this patient's airway
suction the airway & give 100% oxygen by non-rebreathing mask
Any time you encounter an emotionally depressed patient, you must consider the possibility of _________
suicide
_____ burns involve only the epidermis
superficial
Any air in the peritoneal cavity seeks the most ------- space or void; thus, the location of the air can change with positioning of the patient
superior
your unit is dispatched to a roadside construction site for a blast-related injury. fire department personnel arrive before you and radio to tell you that the scene is safe. on your arrival, you are informed that your patient is a 46 year old man who had been blasting rock and had set the fuse too short. as he was leaving the area to seek cover from the explosion, he was blown forward onto a gravel area. he tells you that he remembers everything and he did not have a loss of consciousness. he also indicated that the entire front of his body hurts and he can't hear well. he denies having any past medical history or allergies and does not take any medication. on examination you find minor bleeding from his ears and some cuts and bruises to his arms. as you remove his clothing, you find that his chest and abdomen are bruised. he reports increasing pain and experiences severe trouble breathing. as you begin your transport you notice that he is now has hematemesis cool and clammy skin, tachycardia, and hypotension. which is the best position to immobilize and transport this patient
supine
Low blood pressure resulting from compression of the inferior vena cava by the weight of the fetus when the mother is supine is called
supine hypotensive syndrome
Lighting at a scene, establishing a tool and equipment area, and marking for a helicopter landing all fall under
support operations
Controlling internal bleeding requires
surgery in a hospital.
When stabilizing a large foreign object in the eye, you should first cover the eye with a moist dressing, then
surround the object with a doughnut -shaped collar made from gauze
activated charcoal is in the form of
suspension
cerebral edema
swelling of the brain
Signs of envenomation by a pit viper include all of the following
swelling, ecchymosis, & severe burning pain at the site of the injury
Signs and symptoms of knee ligament injury include all of the following
swelling, point tenderness, joint effusion
The ____ nervous system reacts to stress
sympathetic
Unlike an ischemic stroke, a transient ischemic attack is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT
symptoms that persist for longer than 24 hours.
joints are bathed and lubricated by _____ fluid
synovial
A very common early sign of a significant abdominal injury is
tachycardia
Prolonged respiratory difficulty can cause______, shock, and even death
tachycardia
sympathomimetics are central nervous system stimulants that frequently cause
tachycardia
Signs and symptoms of agitated delirium include
tachycardia, vivid hallucinations, dilated pupils
MOST patients w/ an acute abdomen present w/
tachycardia.
You are dispatched to a private residence for a person experiencing abdominal pain. You arrive to find a 25 year old man lying on the couch in the fetal position. He states he was tackled while playing football 3 days ago and now the pain is becoming progressivly worse. He is pale and diaphoretic. an exam of the abdomen shows bruising over the right and left upper quadrants, rebound tenderness, and guarding. The patient states the pain radiates to his right shoulder. Assessment of his vitals signs shows a pulse rate of 130 beats/min, BP of 90/60 and respirations of 24 breaths per min. the most concerning assessment finding in this patient is
tachypnea and tachycardia
When caring for a patient with internal bleeding, the EMT must first
take appropriate standard precautions.
because hyperglycemia is a complex metabolic condition that usually develops over time and involves all of the tissues of the body, correcting this condition may
take many hours in a hospital setting
You have responded to a motor vehicle collision and find a 21 year old man who has massive facial trauma. He is bleeding heavily and is unconscious. The first thing that you do in ;your treatment of this patient is to
take standard precautions
Steps for assisting a patient with administration of an EpiPen include
taking body substance isolation precautions
Services offered by home care agencies include all of the following except
taking the patient to restaurants
The _____ regions of the cranium are located on the lateral portion of the head
temporal
You are called to an automotive body shop for an assault patient. Law enforcement personnel have arrived and declared the scene safe. You and your partner find a man seated in an office holding the left side of his head. The patient was struck on the side of the head with a tire iron during a dispute with another employee. He was unconscious for approx 3 min. An epidural hematoma is nearly always the result of a blow to the head that produces a linear fracture in what region of the cranium
temporal
Motion of the mandible occurs at the
temporomandibular joint
You and your partner are assigned to a post at an extreme sports competition. You are called to asses a 23 year old man who was performing an air trick on his bike when he lost control and landed on the bottom of the concrete ramp. When you arrive, the patient is wake and alert and in extreme pain. He tells you he flew over his handlebars and felt both of his upper legs snap. He denies experiencing any loss of consciousness. during your assesment of the lower extremities the patient reports pain when you palpate his thigh. this is called
tenderness
You and your partner are dispatched to the rodeo arena for a person reporting shortness of breath and chest pain. On arrival you are escorted to a trailer where you find a man in his mid 30s seated in a chair and leaning forward clutching his chest. He tells you that he was riding a bull when he was thrown off. He states that he landed hard on his right side and heard a loud pop. While en route tothe hospital the patient suddenly grabs your arm and states that he cant breathe. He appears pale, diaphoretic and extremely anxious. Reassessment of the chest reveals diminished breath sounds on the right side and subcutaneous emphysema. You suspect which of the following conditions is developing
tension pneumothroax
A 40-year-old man was standing near a building when it exploded. He has multiple injuries, including a depressed skull fracture, severe burns, & an impaled object in his abdomen. His head injury was MOST likely caused by _ blast injuries
tertiary
Pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
During a 360 walk-around at an accident scene, you should look for all of the following except
the amount of air left in the tires
A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. What was the first collision
the bike hitting the car
A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. What was the second collision
the bike rider hitting his bike or the car
Shivering in the presence of hypothermia indicates that the
the body is trying to generate more heat through muscular activity.
The first stage of labor begin with the onset of contractions and ends when
the cervix is fully dilated
Geriatric patients present as a special problem for caregivers because
the classic presentation of disease is often altered
The head is divided into two parts
the cranium and the: face
A factor that can aid in determining the severity of a burn
the depth of the burn, the extent of the burn, & whether critica areas are involved
All of the following systems contain organs that make up the contents of the abdominal cavity
the digestive system, the urinary system, & the genitourinary system
Considered appropriate use of air medical services
the distance to a trauma center is greater than 25 miles, traffic/road conditions make it unlikely to get the patient to the hospital in a timely manner, there is a mass-casualty incident
a person with an addiction has an overwhelming desire or need to continue using the substance, at whatever cost, with a tendency to increase
the dose
amniotic sac
the fluid-filled, bag-like membrane in which the fetus develops
Inflicted bruises are commonly found in all of the following areas, EXCEPT
the forearms.
retrograde amnesia
the inability to remember events leading up to a head injury
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is fully dilated and ends when
the infant is born
Which of the following signs tells you that the birth is imminent
the infant is crowning
On inhalation, which of the following does occur
the intervostal muscles contract, elevating the rib cage, the diaphragm contracts, & air enters through the nose & mouth
Central venous catheters are located in all of the following areas except
the lower leg
Aorta
the main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system. In humans it passes over the heart from the left ventricle & runs down in front of the backbone.
A young boy was riding his bicycle down the street when he hit a parked car. What will raise your index of suspicion for this collision
the mechanism of injury
Tibia
the medial & larger bone of the lower leg
You respond to a 19 year old woman who was kicked in the leg by a horse. She is alert and oriented. She has point tenderness at the site of the injury. You should compare the limb to
the opposite uninjured limb
You are called to a motor vehicle collision where a 27-year-old woman has a bump on her head.You immediately begin manual stabilization of the head.Her airway is open and respirations are within normal limits. Her pulse is a little fast but strong and regular. Distal pulses are present. You can release manual stabilization when
the patient is secured to a backboard with the head immobilized.
You and you partner are called to a private residence for a woman in labor. On arrival, you find a 27 year old woman lying on the living room couch and she appears to be having a contraction. The patient informs you that her amniotic fluid was green and she is concerned. The green color is caused by
the prescence of meconium
The first stage of labor ends when
the presenting part of the baby is visible.
Large blood vessels in the chest that can result in massive hemorrhaging include all of the following
the pulmonary arteries, the aorta, & the four main pulmonary veins
You should communicate with members of ________ throughout the extrication process
the rescue team
_______ is responsible for properly securing and stabilizing the vehicle and providing a safe entrance and access to the patient
the rescue team
Toxicology
the study of toxic/poisonous substances
As you perform a visual exam, you note crowning. This means that
the top of the head is visible
Lens
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
Because shootings usually end up in court, it is important to factually and completely document
the treatment given
All of the following male genitalia lie outside the pelvic cavity
the urethra, the penis, the testes
