Ch. 11 Achievement, Work, and Careers

Blank: mentor

A __________ is typically an older and more experienced individual who is motivated to improve the competence and character of a younger person.

Blank: performance

A child with _________ orientation is focused on achievement outcomes and believes that winning is what matters the most

Blank: mindset

A fix __________ occurs when one believes that his or her qualities are permanent and cannot change

Blank: achievement or achieving

A focus on _________ becomes relevant as adolescents begin to perceive current successes and failures as predictors of future outcomes in the adult world

a). setting priorities b). maintaining organization c). managing time

A good plan toward goal attainment includes (select all that apply) a). setting priorities. b). maintaining organization. c). managing time. d). multitasking.

Blank: growth

According to Carol Dweck, a _________ mindset occurs when an individual believes his or her qualities can change and improve with effort

Blank: mindset

According to Dweck (2006), individuals' ____________ can influence whether they have a positive or negative outlook, may shape their goals and their effort in attaining those goals, and may impact their success in sports

a). it can influence whether one's outlook us positive or negative b). it can shove goals and how hard one works towards those goals d). it can affect achievement and success in school and sports

According to Dweck (2006), which of the following is true about an individual's mindset? (Select all that apply.) a). It can influence whether one's outlook is positive or negative. b). It can shape goals and how hard one works toward those goals. c). It can be determined at birth or in the first few months of life. d). It can affect achievement and success in school and sports.

a). if they expect to succeed c). their beliefs about how they will do on future tasks e). how much they expect to accomplish

According to Eccles's research, how hard students will work depends on the following. (Select all that apply.) a). If they expect to succeed b). Their current grade level c). Their beliefs about how they will do on future tasks d). Their gender identity e). How much they expect to accomplish

a). how good they are compared to their peers or others c). how good they are at a particular activity d). how good they are in relation to their performance in other activities

According to Jacquelynne Eccles, which of the following are aspects of adolescents' ability beliefs? (Select all that apply.) a). How good they are compared to their peers or others b). How good they are when they are not at their best c). How good they are at a particular activity d). How good they are in relation to their performance in other activities.

a). showed increase in delinquency c). were less engaged in school

According to a research analysis in 2011, adolescents in the 10th and 11th grades who worked more than 20 hours a week a). showed increases in delinquency. b). showed decreases in substance abuse. c). were successful in school. d). were less engaged in school.

a). Creating learning that includes real-world relevance b). Becoming cognitively engaged c). Developing self-responsibility

According to developmental researchers, such as Phyllis Blumenfeld, key aspects of adolescent achievement include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a). Creating learning that includes real-world relevance b). Becoming cognitively engaged c). Developing self-responsibility d). Motivating students to work smart rather than hard

a). Tend to set excessively high, unrealistic goals that cannot be reached. b). Engage in high levels of self-criticism c). Perceive themselves as worthless because they do not reach their goals

Adolescents and college students with a tendency toward perfectionism find their achievement is impacted because perfectionists do which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a). Tend to set excessively high, unrealistic goals that cannot be reached. b). Engage in high levels of self-criticism c). Perceive themselves as worthless because they do not reach their goals d). Reach their goals and want to set more goals

b). They are given choices c). Challenges match their skills d). rewards have informational value

Adolescents are motivated to learn when which of the following is true? (Select all that apply.) a). Rewards are on based on control. b). They are given choices. c). Challenges match their skills. d). Rewards have informational value.

a). teacher-mentor

Adolescents have several different types of mentors, but one mentor relationship is a better predictor of educational attainment than the others. Which mentor relationship is it? a). Teacher-mentor b). Community-mentor c). Relative-mentor d). Friend-mentor

Blank: high

Adolescents with _________ (low/high) self-efficacy have higher academic aspirations, spend more time doing homework, and welcome challenges

d). performance

Adolescents with which orientation are likely to believe that winning is everything? a). Apathetic b). Helpless c). Mastery d). Performance

a). performance

Adolescents with which orientation are likely to believe that winning is everything? a). performance b). mastery c). helpless d). apathetic

a). attribution theory

An adolescent receives an exam grade and asks herself, "Did I do well on this exam because of how much I studied or because this was an easy exam or both?" The search for a cause to explain the exam score is referred to as a). attribution theory. b). goal setting. c). self-monitoring. d). self-efficacy.

Blank: intrinsic

Children finger paint for the pure pleasure that creativity brings. This is an example of ________ motivation

Blank: intrinsic or adaptive

Classroom environments that foster __________ motivation in the learning process show positive correlations with grades and standardized test scores

Blank: flow

Csikszentmihalyi (1990) defined __________ as a sense of mastery while in a state of absorbed and concentrated engagement in an activity.

Blank: handicapping

Deliberately sabotaging your own performance in order to shrug off your inevitable failure is known as self-___________

Blank: flow

Engaging in a state of mastery and complete absorption in an activity describes what Csikszentmihalyi defined as ________

b). evaluating outcomes c). judging task performance d). monitoring of progress

Evaluating how well a plan to reach a goal is working includes (select all that apply) a). waiting for supervisor review. b). evaluating outcomes. c). judging task performance. d). monitoring of progress.

a). Increased school engagement b). Increased economic benefits d). Decreased delinquency

For some youth, particularly those in low-income, urban settings, working part-time in challenging work activities, receiving constructive adult supervision, and finding a positive working environment may result in positive benefits such as which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a). Increased school engagement b). Increased economic benefits c). Decreased adult monitoring d). Decreased delinquency

Blank: nonspecific

Garrison is asked by his manager what his plans are for the future and Garrison responds "I want to be a success." Garrison's response is an example of a(n) ________ goal

Blank: procrastination

Ignoring a task, spending endless hours playing video games, cleaning your closet instead of reading your text, and accepting poor performance are all behaviors associated with _________

Blank: deficits

In addition to recognizing the diversity that exists within every cultural group in terms of adolescents' achievement, it is also important to understand that cultural differences are sometimes wrongly interpreted as __________

Blank: social dominance

In one study, ___________ predicted low achievement among adolescents

Blank: self-efficacy

Jake works in the meat market and needs to get ready for the holiday rush. Even though his coworker has called in sick, Jake knows that he will be able to master the day and get the work done. Jake is demonstrating ________

Blank: socioeconomic

Many studies indicate ____________ status predicts achievement better than does ethnicity

a). instruction b). demonstration c). challenge

Mentoring relationships may include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a). Instruction b). Demonstration c). Challenge d). Discouragement

Blank: socioeconomic status

One environmental factor that predicts adolescent achievement better than ethnicity is __________

b). creating learning environments that encourage cognitive engagement and self-responsibility c). encouraging persistence and mastery d). embedding subject matter content into meaningful contexts

Phyllis Blumenfeld and her colleagues (2006) emphasized the development of intrinsic motivation through which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a). Focusing on passing grades rather than the effort expended to achieve b). Creating learning environments that encourage cognitive engagement and self-responsibility c). Encouraging persistence and mastery d). Embedding subject matter content into meaningful contexts

Blank: gratification

Practicing delayed __________ is the intentional act of postponing immediate rewards in order to reach a more valuable reward at a later time

Blank: procrastinate

Recent research suggests that college students with low efficacy and low self-regulation are more likely to _________

- Risky behavior - Costs to physical health - Lower grades

Regarding adolescent work, research suggests spending large amounts of time in paid labor is associated with which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a). Risky behavior b). Costs to physical health c). Significant developmental benefits d). Lower grades

a). encourage engagement in the learning process b). emphasize the utility of math in everyday life

Research on parents' intrinsic-extrinsic motivational practices reveals that adolescents have higher intrinsic motivation in math and science when parents do which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a). Encourage engagement in the learning process b). Enforce consequences contingent on adolescents' performance c). Provide external rewards d). Emphasize the utility of math in everyday life

Blank: autonomy-supportive

Ryan and Deci (2009) refer to teachers who create learning environments that allow students to in engage in self-determination as ________ teachers

Blank: efficacy

Self-___________ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

Blank: intrinsic

Self-determination and personal choice, optimal experiences and flow, and cognitive engagement and self-responsibility describe multiple dimensions of __________ motivation

b). students with low self-efficacy avoid a challenge c). students with high self-efficacy enjoy a challenge

Self-efficacy influences student achievement in which of the following ways? (Select all that apply.) a). Students with low self-efficacy are more likely to persist with effort on a learning task. b). Students with low self-efficacy avoid a challenge. c). Students with high self-efficacy enjoy a challenge. d). Students with low self-efficacy spend more time doing homework.

Blank: motives

Social __________ are needs and desires that are learned through experiences with the social world

c). drink heavily

Some research finds that adolescents who work longer hours are more likely to a). have insomnia. b). balance work and school easily. c). drink heavily. d). show greater maturity.

Blank: perfectionism

Striving to be perfect and to never make a mistake is associated with ___________

b). their ability to achieve is significantly impaired

Students who express high levels of anxiety and who worry constantly often find what? a). they are able to easily change their responses of anxiety and worry. b). their ability to achieve is significantly impaired. c). that high levels of anxiety are common in most people. d). their problems are very common among their peers.

b). effort d). task persistence

Sustained attention depends upon the ability to adapt to increased expectations and demands, requiring longer periods of which of the following? (Select all that apply) a). Memorization b). Effort c). Social time d). Task persistence

a). Encouraging students to become self-regulated achievers c). Motivating students to try hard and develop self-efficacy d). Using engaging teaching skills f). Supporting student progress

Teachers play important roles in students' achievement by doing which of the following? (Select all that apply.). a). Encouraging students to become self-regulated achievers b). Comparing low achievers to high achievers c). Motivating students to try hard and develop self-efficacy d). Using engaging teaching skills e). Assigning letter grades f). Supporting student progress

Blank 1: sustained Blank 2: attention

The ability to maintain focus on a selected stimulus for a prolonged period is referred to as ____________ ____________

Blank: achievement

The increase in academic and social pressures requires adolescents to consider ________ an important measure of their success

b). delayed gratification

The marshmallow task is a classic research experiment that demonstrates the importance of which concept? a). Achievement expectations b). Delayed gratification c). Sustained attention d). Goal setting

a). anxiety c). personal problems d). poor time management

The reasons adolescents and emerging adults give for procrastination include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a). Anxiety b). Task confusion c). Personal problems d). Poor time management

False

True or false: Achievement remains relatively consistent across students of the same ethnicity

True

True or false: Peers can affect adolescents' achievement through social comparison

True

True or false: Students who are given some choice of activities and when to do them, and who are encouraged to take personal responsibility for their behavior, are more likely to graduate from high school

False

True or false: When parents have expectations, this has a negative impact on adolescents' achievement. True false question.

b). celebrating a good report card with ice cream

What is an example of a parental extrinsic motivational practice? a). Asking a child whether or not he or she likes an activity b). Celebrating a good report card with ice cream c). Telling a child that not everyone can be good at everything d). Pointing out how much fun learning can be

b). I want to be first to turn in the midterm

What is an example of a proximal (short-term) goal? a). I want to join a new sports team next year. b). I want to be first to turn in the midterm paper. c). I want to build my resume before I apply to college. d). I want to get straight As this year.

d). large class size

What is most detrimental to the ability of teachers to support student learning? a). Demands to develop self-efficacy b). High academic expectations c). Emphasis on self-regulation d). Large class sizes

Blank: attribution

When adolescents are motivated to discover the underlying causes of their own performance, good or bad, we refer to this as __________ theory

a). Believing that mediocre performance is acceptable b). Making it look like you are completing a task without doing the work c). Overestimating your abilities and resources

Which are forms of procrastination? (Select all that apply.) a). Believing that mediocre performance is acceptable b). Making it look like you are completing a task without doing the work c). Overestimating your abilities and resources d). Executing a task and receiving a negative evaluation

c). high skills, high challenge

Which combination of skills and challenge offers the best outcome for students? a). Low skills, high challenge b). High skills, low challenge c). High skills, high challenge d). Low skills, low challenge

c). social motive

Which describes an adolescent's need for a large group of friends? a). Self-anxiety b). Social anxiety c). Social motive d). Self-motive

b). relative d). community

Which mentor relationships are more important to educational attainment during high school compared to earlier in adolescence? (select all that apply) a). Friend b). Relative c). Teacher d). Community

a). direct

Which of the following best describes the relationship between parents' expectations and adolescents' achievement? a). direct d). inverse c). unknown d). independent

a). relatively poor

Which of the following describes a typical adolescent's performance when his or her parents' expectations are low? a). Relatively poor b). Surprisingly good c). Moderately even d). Totally unsurpassed

a). Providing an emotional climate that motivates children to internalize their parents' values and goals b). Modeling behavior to work hard and persisting with effort at challenging tasks c). Knowing enough about the child to provide the right amount of challenge e). Knowing enough about the child to give the right amount of support

Which of the following is a positive parenting practice that supports adolescents' achievement? (Select all that apply.) a). Providing an emotional climate that motivates children to internalize their parents' values and goals b). Modeling behavior to work hard and persisting with effort at challenging tasks c). Knowing enough about the child to provide the right amount of challenge d). Motivating adolescents by reminding them to self-compare with others e). Knowing enough about the child to give the right amount of support

a). framing goals extrinsically is related to lower persistence on achievement tasks b). intrinsic motivation is positivity linked to grades and standardized test scores c). framing goals extrinsically is related to lower levels of independent motivation

Which of the following statements about the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation practices in the learning environment are true? (Select all that apply.) a). framing goals extrinsically is related to lower persistence on achievement tasks b). intrinsic motivation is positively linked to grades and standardized test scores c). framing goals extrinsically is related to lower levels of independent motivation d). extrinsic motivation is positively linked to achievement outcomes

d). Eleventh-graders working more than 20 hours a week suffered a drop in grades.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the research findings correlating hours worked and academic outcomes? a). Ninth-graders working more than 6 hours a week experienced a rise in grades. b). Tenth-graders who did not work at all suffered a drop in grades. c). Working part-time has detrimental effects on teen academic outcomes, regardless of the number of hours worked per week. d). Eleventh-graders working more than 20 hours a week suffered a drop in grades.

b). Economic benefits and adult monitoring in part-time work may decrease delinquency.

Which statement is true regarding the benefits of adolescent part-time work? a). Working conditions do not impact the benefits of part-time work. b). Economic benefits and adult monitoring in part-time work may decrease delinquency. c). The easier the work, the more benefits for the adolescent. d). Constructive supervision in a part-time job offers little benefit.

a). When skills are high and the activity is challenging, the result is flow. c). When skills are high and the activity is less than challenging, the result is boredom. d). When skills are low and the challenge is high, the result is anxiety

With respect to the interaction between perceived challenge and perceived skill level, which of the following do adolescents typically experience? (select all that apply) a). When skills are high and the activity is challenging, the result is flow. b). When skills are high and the challenge is low, the result is achievement c). When skills are high and the activity is less than challenging, the result is boredom. d). When skills are low and the challenge is high, the result is anxiety

Blank: Helpless

_________ orientation occurs when children seem trapped by experience or difficulty

Blank 1: socioeconomic status Blank 2: ethnicity

__________ is a better predictor of achievement than _________

Blank 1: extrinsic Blank 2: intrinsic

__________ motivation involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments, whereas _____________ motivation is based on internal factors such as challenge and effort

Blank: Mastery

__________ orientation refers to children who are task-oriented and focused on learning

Blank: Anxiety

___________ is a vague, highly unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension

Blank: self-handicapping

___________ strategies include not making an effort, putting off an important assignment until the last minute, goofing off the night before an exam so that low performance is blamed on circumstances rather than lack of ability.