Ch. 14 A&P

Which of the following is an effect of sympathetic activation?

stimulation of the medial and lateral pathways associated with a general elevation in muscle tone

Which statement is true regarding the ANS?

The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the hypothalamus.

Chemoreceptors __________.

are present in the carotid bodies

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

excessive heart rate.

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

ganglionic neurons.

Which brain area is considered to be the headquarters of the ANS?

hypothalamus

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

Regarding ANS motor control, which CNS structure(s) is/are involved in emotions, memory, and behavior?

limbic system

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

long; short

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS:

may work together, each controlling a stage of a complex process.

Nicotinic receptors

open chemically gated sodium ion channels.

Activated nicotinic receptors __________.

open chemically-gated channels in the postsynaptic membrane

Baroreceptors are not found in the

oral cavity.

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.

parasympathetic

Regarding the dual autonomic innervation of the heart, __________.

parasympathetic effects predominate at rest

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron.

preganglionic

When comparing the SNS and ANS, which of the following are unique to the ANS?

preganglionic neurons

Define visceral reflex. (Module 14.9A)

A visceral reflex is an autonomic reflex initiated in the viscera. It can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, especially those in the hypothalamus.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the enteric nervous system?

All of the neurotransmitters found in the brain are found in the ENS.

Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body? (Module 14.10A)

Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs.

Which cranial nerve provides roughly 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow?

CN X

Define dual innervation. (Module 14.8A)

Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Compare the anatomy of the sympathetic division with that of the parasympathetic division. (Module 14.2B)

In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs.

Compare nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors. (Module 14.6B)

Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions.

What neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons? (Module 14.5B)

acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia?

acetylcholine

Muscarinic receptors

are normally activated by acetylcholine.

Which of the following is an effect of parasympathetic activation?

constriction of the pupils

Reduction in heart rate and force of contraction is a response in which visceral reflex?

baroreceptor reflex

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

chain

Which type of receptor is sensitive to changes in blood pH? (Module 14.10B)

chemoreceptors

Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic visceral reflex?

defecation reflex

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

dual

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

short; long

Two terms that both refer to internal organs are

splanchnic and viscera.

Identify two major divisions of the ANS. (Module 14.2A)

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

Which division of the ANS is responsible for the physiological changes you experience when startled by a loud noise? (Module 14.2D)

sympathetic division of the ANS