ch 14 hist 101

Which group of people was consigned to the bottom of Enlightenment-era racial hierarchies?

Africans

Which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher Columbus have in common?

Both of them kidnapped native people and took them home to study.

Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male in all of the following settlements except:

British North America

Which of the following characteristics was not a common part of Chinese maps during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Chinese maps exhibited a high degree of geometric and mathematical precision

Which of the following was not a lasting influence on Tokugawa Japan?

Christianity

In what way did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific differ from its exchanges with China and the Islamic world?

Contact and commerce were accompanied by conquest in the Americas and the Pacific

How were elite women's lives affected by the literary culture of late Ming and early Qing China?

Elite women were able to participate as writers, readers, and editors, but literary culture in general advocated for more constraints on their lives

Creoles in Spanish and Portuguese colonies were drawn to Enlightenment ideas because

Enlightenment ideas helped to justify their dissatisfaction with colonial rule

After the shogun lifted the ban on foreign books in his kingdom in 1720, all of the following types of material circulated in Japan except:

Enlightenment writings

Absolutist governments were hostile toward Enlightenment ideas since such ideas challenged absolutist rule.

False

Enlightenment thinkers believed in the equality of all people.

False

The cultural products of West Africa were increasingly influenced by European styles and techniques introduced over the course of the Atlantic slave trade.

False

Unlike Native Americans, the indigenous peoples of Oceania did not succumb to Eurasian diseases when they came into contact with Europeans.

False

The Comte de Buffon believed that human groups were more or less admirable according to how closely they resembled the people portrayed in which of the following types of artwork?

Greek sculptures

They adopted outside knowledge when it suited their purposes, but remained confident in the superiority of their own ways of looking at the world

How did Chinese and Islamic rulers respond to new ideas introduced by Europeans during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries?

How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order?

It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy

How did the development of the Ottoman code of administrative law encourage cultural unity within the empire?

It provided a comprehensive, well-understood system of law that bridged differences among the many different social, religious, and legal traditions of the people who lived under Ottoman rule

Which of the following was not a characteristic of the French Encyclopedia?

It singled out some regions, such as China, as examples that Europe should aspire to emulate

How did the European missionary presence in the Americas differ from the European missionary presence in East Asia?

Missionaries to the Americas were backed up by colonial officials and military power

Why did the Enlightenment ideal of gathering knowledge appeal to European absolutist monarchs?

More knowledge about their subjects allowed them to exert greater control

Which of the following was not away in which culture and the arts were used by artists or their patrons to send a social message between 1500 and 1750?

Mughal painters used styles imported from Europe to communicate their wish for greater cultural openness

Safavid culture was a mixture of which two elements?

Shiite Islam and Persian culture

Why did China escape religious warfare during the Ming and Qing periods?

The Chinese saw the enforcement of orthodox values and social order as a political issue instead of a religious one

In what way had the Islamic world in the period between 1500 and 1780 changed from its earlier pattern of cultural development?

The Islamic world had developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered around the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires

How did Chinese and Islamic rulers respond to new ideas introduced by Europeans during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries?

They adopted outside knowledge when it suited their purposes, but remained confident in the superiority of their own ways of looking at the world

Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to the science of astronomy?

They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work

How did Captain Cook's voyages to Australia reflect Enlightenment ideas?

They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features

Which of the following statements best characterizes Native American converts to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

They used Christianity to supplement their existing beliefs, not replace them.

What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common?

They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge

What did Enlightenment thinkers have in common with authors who wrote about sex and financial fraud?

They were all willing to explore ways of thinking that defied established beliefs and institutions

Europeans considered other literate cultures like the Chinese and Arabs to be civilized, but not those cultures without written languages.

True

Protestants were less aggressive than Catholics in their attempts to convert African slaves to Christianity because they were less likely to believe that it was possible for a person to be both a Christian and a slave.

True

Scholars in the Ottoman Empire carried out important works in the fields of astronomy and physics, as well as history, geography, and politics.

True

The common people of Ming China were able to interpret official Chinese social norms for their own purposes and criticize the behavior of officials.

True

The peoples of the Islamic world brought some European innovations into their cultures, but mostly saw Europeans as poor, rude barbarians.

True

Under the Tokugawa, Japanese culture was more open to outside influences than were the cultures of other large Asian empires.

True

During the first half of the eighteenth century, the Ottoman empire experienced a period of prosperity and well-being that was known as the _______

Tulip Period

When did the term race, used as a means of classifying the world's peoples in terms of their physical appearance, first come into use among European thinkers?

at the end of the seventeenth century

How did Asante kings publicly display their connection to the gods?

by carrying golden spears, maces, and other symbols of power

As European colonies in the Americas became more prosperous and settled over the course of the eighteenth century:

colonists sought to copy European social and material culture as closely as they could

Where did Enlightenment ideas circulate most broadly?

commercial centers and port cities

Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted that:

conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature

When Captain Cook arrived in Australia, it had:

harsh natural conditions and a sparse indigenous population.

All of the following factors contributed to the rise of the Enlightenment except:

increased respect for the wisdom of classical and medieval authorities

What role did Europeans who adopted Native American cultures play in New World societies?

intermediaries in commerce and diplomatic communication

The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb signaled a movement away from the empire's tradition of religious openness by:

ordering that all recently constructed non-Islamic places of worship be torn down

Peninsulars were:

people born in Spain or Portugal who were living in their American colonies

What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use in defining racial categories?

physical appearance and form of governance

The Ottoman tekkes schools that prepared students to become Sufi masters:

promoted social and religious solidarity among the Muslim subjects of the empire

Members of the Ottoman intellectual elite were interested in and curious about foreign ideas in which of the following areas?

science

The most popular books published in seventeenth-and eighteenth-century China were:

study guides for civil service examinations

What characteristic did Enlightenment thinkers believe should be the basis for a person's social status?

talent

West African rulers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were able to support high levels of artistic achievement because of wealth derived from:

the Atlantic slave trade

The U.S. Declaration of Independence is an example of what intellectual tradition?

the Enlightenment

Which of the following societies was most consistently open to outside cultural influences during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

the Japanese

Which of the following places is not considered part of Oceania?

the Philippines

Examples of the openness of Mughal culture to foreign influences include all of the following except:

the acceptance of European ideas about geography into Mughal mapmaking

British plans for the colonization of Australia included all of the following except:

the exploitation of the native Aborigines as a labor force

All of the following resulted from efforts to convert African slaves to Christianity except

the majority of European slave owners becoming convinced that Christianizing their slaves was a good idea.

Adam Smith claimed that universal "laws" of human behavior justified unregulated markets and a laissez-faire economy because:

they allowed human nature to express itself fully