CH 14 (THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES)
Which nerve innervates muscles that move the eyeball laterally?
Abducens (VI)
Which term refers to the general inability to describe past events?
Amnesia
The ____ consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls. It is most permeable to glucose and oxygen.
Blood brain barrier
Equilibrium involves consciousness of which of the following?
Body movements Orientation in space
Which of these regions are involved in motor control? Basal nuclei The cerebral cortex Both basal nuclei and cerebellum Cerebellum
Both basal nuclei and cerebellum
True or false: The chief functions of the occipital lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression.
False
Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Which structures are involved with emotional feelings and memories?
Prefrontal cortex Amygdala
The cerebellum is ___ to the cerebrum
caudal
The term ______ means "toward the tail".
caudal
Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related with a lesion in the ______
cerebellum
The forebrain includes
cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
Sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, learning, memory, imagination, and intuition are all examples of ______.
cognition
The outer layer of the cerebrum, called the cerebral _____, is formed by gray matter.
cortex
Which arise from the base of the brain, exit the cranium through its foramina, and lead to muscles and sense organs in the head and neck?
cranial nerves
Where does optic nerve carry visual information?
from eye to brain
The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the ______ lobe.
frontal
the five cerebral lobes
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
The _____ region of the diencephalon forms the floor of the third ventricle and extends anteriorly to the optic chiasm.
hypothalamus
Which of these ventricles is most superior in relation to the others? Superior ventricle Lateral ventricles Third ventricle Fourth
lateral
The three-layer fibrous membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are collectively called the
meninges
The pons develops from an embryonic secondary brain vesicle called the
metencephalon
How is the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve functionally classified?
mixed
The ______ lobe contains the primary visual center of the brain.
occipital
the ______ nerves (cranial nerve I) pass through the cribriform plate in the roof of the nasal cavity functioning in the sense of smell.
olfactory
The ________ lobe starts at the central sulcus and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus.
parietal
The ______ is where a person decides the appropriate ways to show feelings.
prefrontal cortex
Where does cranial nerve II originate?
retina
The _______ colliculi play an important role in visual attention and visual tracking of moving objects.
superior
The arbor vitae is found in
the cerebellum
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
How many divisions does the trigeminal nerve have?
3
The cerebral cortex constitutes about ______ of the mass of the brain.
40%
How many branches does the facial nerve have?
5
How many lobes are found in each of the cerebral hemispheres?
5
Where is the reticular formation located?
Brainstem and spinal cord
Most motor fibers of cranial nerves begin in which of the following?
Brainstem nuclei
most motor fibers of the cranial nerves begin in
Brainstem nuclei
Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?
CN I and II
The blood-brain barrier consists of tight junctions between ______
Capillary endothelial cells
The blood-brain barrier consists of tight junctions between which of the following?
Capillary endothelial cells
Which groove in the brain separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
Central sulcus
Which is NOT one of the five cerebral lobes?
Cerebellar Lobe
_______ regulate the chemical environment and clears metabolic waste of the nervous tissue
Cerebrospinal fluid
The forebrain includes of which of the following structures?
Cerebrum,thalamus, and hypothalamus
Which term refers to the range of mental processes by which knowledge is acquired and used?
Cognition
Which are examples of general (aka somatosensory or somatic) senses?
ColdPainPressure
Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, carries information between the two cerebral hemispheres?
Commissural
Name the prominent C-shaped band of nerve tracts that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres to each other.
Corpus callosum
The gray matter of the cerebrum forms which of the following?
Cortex
a voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV is indicative of an _____
EPSP
Which term refers to the sense of balance?
Equilibrium
True or false: The midbrain and the cerebellum interact to control emotional feelings and memories.
False Reason: The prefrontal cortex and the diencephalon interact to control emotional feelings and memories.
True or false: A lesion in the right side of the brainstem will usually cause a sensory or motor deficit on left side of the head.
False Reason: Most cranial nerves run between brainstem nuclei and ipsilateral receptors and effectors. A brainstem lesion will therefore cause a deficit on the same side of the head.
How many ventricles are located in the brain?
Four
The chief functions of the _________ lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression.
Frontal
Which cerebral lobe is responsible for voluntary motor function, motivation, memory, mood, and aggression?
Frontal
Which nerve transmits both sensory and motor impulses to the head, neck and thoracic region?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
define cerebral cortex
Gray matter (outer cerebrum) of cerebrum.
___ are thick elevated ridges (folds) found on the brain; while ____ are the shallow grooves.
Gyri............sulci
Which are considered "special senses"?
Hearing Vision Equilibrium Smell Taste
Which term refers to the differences in function between the right and left sides of the cerebrum?
Hemispheric lateralization
Which nerve controls tongue movements?
Hypoglossal (XII)
Which structure serves as the major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
Cranial nerves & their designated number (and classifications) [and functions]
I - olfactory (sensory) [smell] II - optic (sensory) [sight] III - oculomotor (motor) [eye movement (gaze up, down, medially)] IV - trochlear (motor) [eye movement (gaze slightly downward and rotate top of eyeball toward the nose)] V - trigeminal (mixed) [chewing;three branches: the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3)] VI - abducens (motor) [eye movement (directs gaze laterally)] VII - facial (mixed) [five branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches. Damage can distort sense of taste and cause sagging of facial muscles] VIII - vestibulocochlear (sensory) [hearing and equilibrium] IX - glossopharyngeal (mixed) [sensory and motor control in head, neck, & thoracic region including tongue, throat, and outer ear; control of food intake; and some aspects of cardiovascular and respiratory function] X - vagus (mixed) [control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary functions] XI - accessory (motor) [controls swallowing, neck and shoulder muscles] XII - hypoglossal (motor) [controls tongue movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing]
Where are the sensory receptors for equilibrium located?
Inner ear
Which cerebral lobe is located deep to the lateral sulcus and is not visible from the surface of the brain?
Insula
Which lobe is concerned with processing the sense of taste and integration of sensory input from visceral receptors?
Insula
What is the function of the Wernicke area?
Interpreting written and spoken language
Which statement about the reticular formation is true?
It is a loose web of gray matter that runs through multiple levels of the brainstem.
Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?
Lateral sulcus
Which of these ventricles is most superior in relation to the others? Superior ventricle Lateral ventricles Fourth Third ventricle
Lateral ventricle
Which cerebral hemisphere is usually specialized for spoken and written language and for the analytical reasoning used in math?
Left
Where is the gray matter of the cerebrum located?
Limbic system Cerebral cortex Basal nuclei
Which term refers to the connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges
The pons develops from which region of the neural tube?
Metencephalon
The medulla oblongata develops from
Myelencephalon
The medulla oblongata develops from which of the following?
Myelencephalon
The embryonic hindbrain consists of which secondary vesicles?
Myelencephalon Metencephalon
Which lobe is at the rear of the head?
Occipital
Which term refers to the sense of smell?
Olfaction
Which type of primary sensory cortex is located in the medial surface of the temporal lobe and inferior surface of the frontal lobe?
Olfactory
Where does the olfactory (I) nerve terminate?
Olfactory bulb
Which cranial nerve transmits sensory information for vision?
Optic
Which cerebral lobe is responsible for receiving and interpreting input from the general senses, as well as for some taste and visual processing?
Parietal
The Wernicke area is responsible for interpreting the meaning of written and spoken language. It is found within which cerebral lobe(s)?
Parietal Temporal
The primary somesthetic cortex is located in the ___ whereas the primary motor cortex is located in the ___
Postcentral gyrus...........precentral gyrus
What are examples of general (aka somatosensory or somatic) senses?
Pressure Pain Cold
Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, carries information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body?
Projection
How is the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) classified?
Sensory
Which term refers to vision, equilibrium, hearing, taste, and smell?
Special senses
_____ arise from the base of the brain, exit the cranium through its foramina, and lead to muscles and sense organs in the head and neck
Spinal nerves
Which midbrain structures mediate visual reflexes?
Superior colliculi
Which best describes the cerebral cortex?
Surface layer of gray matter on the cerebrum
Which embryonic brain regions develop into the forebrain?
Telencephalon Diencephalon
_______ occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades
Temporal summation
Which structure is sometimes called the "gateway to the cerebral cortex?"
Thalamus
Which is the definition of the term "rostral"?
Toward the nose; toward the forehead; or higher (vertical)
Which cranial nerve functions to sense touch, pain, and temperature on the upper and lower face and to transmit motor impulses needed for chewing?
Trigeminal
Which nerve controls eye movement?
Trochlear (IV)
Which is least likely to get through the blood-brain barrier?
Urea
Which cranial nerve plays a major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive and urinary functions?
Vagus
Which nerve transmits sensory signals for hearing and equilibrium?
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
_____ area recognizes spoken and written language
Wernicke
Name the area of the brain that is responsible for interpreting the meaning of written and spoken language?
Wernicke's area
reticular formation
a loose web of gray matter that runs through multiple levels of the brainstem.
_____ innervates the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye
abducens nerve
Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, connect regions within the same cerebral hemisphere?
association
From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in this order
dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
True or false: "Cerebral lateralization" refers to the fact that one of the two cerebral hemispheres is dominant in each person.
false
Cerebral lateralization refers to
functional differences between the right and left hemispheres; one is NOT dominant in each person
How is the trigeminal nerve classified according to function?
mixed
Where does the olfactory (I) nerve originate?
mucosa of nasal cavity
After an injury to the head, Hans cannot remember the past several years of his life. Hans has a type of amnesia called
retrograde amnesia
The ________ is an oval-shaped structure in the diencephalon located at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres.
thalamus
Functions such as planning, motivation, and social judgement are associated with
the frontal lobe
Your body temperature, water regulation, food intake and sex drive are all regulated by _______
the hypothalamus
_____ is grey matter located in the cerebrum. It consists of the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus (memory) and amygdala (emotion)
the limbic system
The cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers are found in
the medulla oblongata
Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passed by way of synapses in _____
the thalamus
Fluid-filled internal chambers of the brain are called
ventricles
The portion of the cerebellum that connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres is the ______.
vermis
Which is a special sense?
vision