CH 14 (THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES)

Which nerve innervates muscles that move the eyeball laterally?

Abducens (VI)

Which term refers to the general inability to describe past events?

Amnesia

The ____ consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls. It is most permeable to glucose and oxygen.

Blood brain barrier

Equilibrium involves consciousness of which of the following?

Body movements Orientation in space

Which of these regions are involved in motor control? Basal nuclei The cerebral cortex Both basal nuclei and cerebellum Cerebellum

Both basal nuclei and cerebellum

True or false: The chief functions of the occipital lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression.

False

Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Which structures are involved with emotional feelings and memories?

Prefrontal cortex Amygdala

The cerebellum is ___ to the cerebrum

caudal

The term ______ means "toward the tail".

caudal

Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related with a lesion in the ______

cerebellum

The forebrain includes

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

Sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, learning, memory, imagination, and intuition are all examples of ______.

cognition

The outer layer of the cerebrum, called the cerebral _____, is formed by gray matter.

cortex

Which arise from the base of the brain, exit the cranium through its foramina, and lead to muscles and sense organs in the head and neck?

cranial nerves

Where does optic nerve carry visual information?

from eye to brain

The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the ______ lobe.

frontal

the five cerebral lobes

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

The _____ region of the diencephalon forms the floor of the third ventricle and extends anteriorly to the optic chiasm.

hypothalamus

Which of these ventricles is most superior in relation to the others? Superior ventricle Lateral ventricles Third ventricle Fourth

lateral

The three-layer fibrous membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are collectively called the

meninges

The pons develops from an embryonic secondary brain vesicle called the

metencephalon

How is the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve functionally classified?

mixed

The ______ lobe contains the primary visual center of the brain.

occipital

the ______ nerves (cranial nerve I) pass through the cribriform plate in the roof of the nasal cavity functioning in the sense of smell.

olfactory

The ________ lobe starts at the central sulcus and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus.

parietal

The ______ is where a person decides the appropriate ways to show feelings.

prefrontal cortex

Where does cranial nerve II originate?

retina

The _______ colliculi play an important role in visual attention and visual tracking of moving objects.

superior

The arbor vitae is found in

the cerebellum

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

12

How many divisions does the trigeminal nerve have?

3

The cerebral cortex constitutes about ______ of the mass of the brain.

40%

How many branches does the facial nerve have?

5

How many lobes are found in each of the cerebral hemispheres?

5

Where is the reticular formation located?

Brainstem and spinal cord

Most motor fibers of cranial nerves begin in which of the following?

Brainstem nuclei

most motor fibers of the cranial nerves begin in

Brainstem nuclei

Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?

CN I and II

The blood-brain barrier consists of tight junctions between ______

Capillary endothelial cells

The blood-brain barrier consists of tight junctions between which of the following?

Capillary endothelial cells

Which groove in the brain separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

Central sulcus

Which is NOT one of the five cerebral lobes?

Cerebellar Lobe

_______ regulate the chemical environment and clears metabolic waste of the nervous tissue

Cerebrospinal fluid

The forebrain includes of which of the following structures?

Cerebrum,thalamus, and hypothalamus

Which term refers to the range of mental processes by which knowledge is acquired and used?

Cognition

Which are examples of general (aka somatosensory or somatic) senses?

ColdPainPressure

Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, carries information between the two cerebral hemispheres?

Commissural

Name the prominent C-shaped band of nerve tracts that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres to each other.

Corpus callosum

The gray matter of the cerebrum forms which of the following?

Cortex

a voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV is indicative of an _____

EPSP

Which term refers to the sense of balance?

Equilibrium

True or false: The midbrain and the cerebellum interact to control emotional feelings and memories.

False Reason: The prefrontal cortex and the diencephalon interact to control emotional feelings and memories.

True or false: A lesion in the right side of the brainstem will usually cause a sensory or motor deficit on left side of the head.

False Reason: Most cranial nerves run between brainstem nuclei and ipsilateral receptors and effectors. A brainstem lesion will therefore cause a deficit on the same side of the head.

How many ventricles are located in the brain?

Four

The chief functions of the _________ lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression.

Frontal

Which cerebral lobe is responsible for voluntary motor function, motivation, memory, mood, and aggression?

Frontal

Which nerve transmits both sensory and motor impulses to the head, neck and thoracic region?

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

define cerebral cortex

Gray matter (outer cerebrum) of cerebrum.

___ are thick elevated ridges (folds) found on the brain; while ____ are the shallow grooves.

Gyri............sulci

Which are considered "special senses"?

Hearing Vision Equilibrium Smell Taste

Which term refers to the differences in function between the right and left sides of the cerebrum?

Hemispheric lateralization

Which nerve controls tongue movements?

Hypoglossal (XII)

Which structure serves as the major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system?

Hypothalamus

Cranial nerves & their designated number (and classifications) [and functions]

I - olfactory (sensory) [smell] II - optic (sensory) [sight] III - oculomotor (motor) [eye movement (gaze up, down, medially)] IV - trochlear (motor) [eye movement (gaze slightly downward and rotate top of eyeball toward the nose)] V - trigeminal (mixed) [chewing;three branches: the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3)] VI - abducens (motor) [eye movement (directs gaze laterally)] VII - facial (mixed) [five branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches. Damage can distort sense of taste and cause sagging of facial muscles] VIII - vestibulocochlear (sensory) [hearing and equilibrium] IX - glossopharyngeal (mixed) [sensory and motor control in head, neck, & thoracic region including tongue, throat, and outer ear; control of food intake; and some aspects of cardiovascular and respiratory function] X - vagus (mixed) [control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary functions] XI - accessory (motor) [controls swallowing, neck and shoulder muscles] XII - hypoglossal (motor) [controls tongue movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing]

Where are the sensory receptors for equilibrium located?

Inner ear

Which cerebral lobe is located deep to the lateral sulcus and is not visible from the surface of the brain?

Insula

Which lobe is concerned with processing the sense of taste and integration of sensory input from visceral receptors?

Insula

What is the function of the Wernicke area?

Interpreting written and spoken language

Which statement about the reticular formation is true?

It is a loose web of gray matter that runs through multiple levels of the brainstem.

Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?

Lateral sulcus

Which of these ventricles is most superior in relation to the others? Superior ventricle Lateral ventricles Fourth Third ventricle

Lateral ventricle

Which cerebral hemisphere is usually specialized for spoken and written language and for the analytical reasoning used in math?

Left

Where is the gray matter of the cerebrum located?

Limbic system Cerebral cortex Basal nuclei

Which term refers to the connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges

The pons develops from which region of the neural tube?

Metencephalon

The medulla oblongata develops from

Myelencephalon

The medulla oblongata develops from which of the following?

Myelencephalon

The embryonic hindbrain consists of which secondary vesicles?

Myelencephalon Metencephalon

Which lobe is at the rear of the head?

Occipital

Which term refers to the sense of smell?

Olfaction

Which type of primary sensory cortex is located in the medial surface of the temporal lobe and inferior surface of the frontal lobe?

Olfactory

Where does the olfactory (I) nerve terminate?

Olfactory bulb

Which cranial nerve transmits sensory information for vision?

Optic

Which cerebral lobe is responsible for receiving and interpreting input from the general senses, as well as for some taste and visual processing?

Parietal

The Wernicke area is responsible for interpreting the meaning of written and spoken language. It is found within which cerebral lobe(s)?

Parietal Temporal

The primary somesthetic cortex is located in the ___ whereas the primary motor cortex is located in the ___

Postcentral gyrus...........precentral gyrus

What are examples of general (aka somatosensory or somatic) senses?

Pressure Pain Cold

Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, carries information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body?

Projection

How is the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) classified?

Sensory

Which term refers to vision, equilibrium, hearing, taste, and smell?

Special senses

_____ arise from the base of the brain, exit the cranium through its foramina, and lead to muscles and sense organs in the head and neck

Spinal nerves

Which midbrain structures mediate visual reflexes?

Superior colliculi

Which best describes the cerebral cortex?

Surface layer of gray matter on the cerebrum

Which embryonic brain regions develop into the forebrain?

Telencephalon Diencephalon

_______ occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades

Temporal summation

Which structure is sometimes called the "gateway to the cerebral cortex?"

Thalamus

Which is the definition of the term "rostral"?

Toward the nose; toward the forehead; or higher (vertical)

Which cranial nerve functions to sense touch, pain, and temperature on the upper and lower face and to transmit motor impulses needed for chewing?

Trigeminal

Which nerve controls eye movement?

Trochlear (IV)

Which is least likely to get through the blood-brain barrier?

Urea

Which cranial nerve plays a major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive and urinary functions?

Vagus

Which nerve transmits sensory signals for hearing and equilibrium?

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

_____ area recognizes spoken and written language

Wernicke

Name the area of the brain that is responsible for interpreting the meaning of written and spoken language?

Wernicke's area

reticular formation

a loose web of gray matter that runs through multiple levels of the brainstem.

_____ innervates the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye

abducens nerve

Which type of tract, found within the cerebral white matter, connect regions within the same cerebral hemisphere?

association

From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in this order

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

True or false: "Cerebral lateralization" refers to the fact that one of the two cerebral hemispheres is dominant in each person.

false

Cerebral lateralization refers to

functional differences between the right and left hemispheres; one is NOT dominant in each person

How is the trigeminal nerve classified according to function?

mixed

Where does the olfactory (I) nerve originate?

mucosa of nasal cavity

After an injury to the head, Hans cannot remember the past several years of his life. Hans has a type of amnesia called

retrograde amnesia

The ________ is an oval-shaped structure in the diencephalon located at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres.

thalamus

Functions such as planning, motivation, and social judgement are associated with

the frontal lobe

Your body temperature, water regulation, food intake and sex drive are all regulated by _______

the hypothalamus

_____ is grey matter located in the cerebrum. It consists of the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus (memory) and amygdala (emotion)

the limbic system

The cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers are found in

the medulla oblongata

Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passed by way of synapses in _____

the thalamus

Fluid-filled internal chambers of the brain are called

ventricles

The portion of the cerebellum that connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres is the ______.

vermis

Which is a special sense?

vision