Ch 16 outcomes

How does the hypothalamus controls endocrine organs

Hypothetical miss neuron synthesize hormones ADH and oxytocin Hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones which help control activities of endocrine cells Hypothalamus contains autonomic centers that exert direct neural control over the endocrine cells of the adrenal Medela

Describe amino acid derivatives

This group of hormones includes thyroid hormones catecholamines ( compounds epinephrine and noreepinephrine and dopamine) Tryptophan derivatives

Describe the location structure and functions of the adrenal gland

A yellow pyramid shaped adrenal gland sits on the superior border of each kidney The adrenal cortex produces more than two dozen steroid hormones calledcorticosteroids

Thyroid hormones are transported where

Are primarily transported across the plasma membrane by carrier mediated processes they bind to receptors on mitochondria and with in the nucleus

Describe functions of hormones produced by kidneys and heart explain rolls of other endocrine organs in and normal growth development

Endocrine cells of heart promote loss of sodium and water by the kidneys Inhibit release of ADH and alddosterone Suppress thirst and prevent antagonistic hormones from increasing blood pressure

Describe peptide hormones

Synthesized as pro hormones and active molecules that are converted to active hormones such as ADH or oxytocin

What hormones are produced by the pancreas and what are the functions

GlucaGon it raises blood glucose levels Insulin lowers blood glucose levels A peptide hormone identical to growth hormone suppresses the release of glucagon and insulin Pancreatic polypeptide and Hibbetts gallbladder contractions and regulates the production of some pancreatic enzymes

Explain diabetes Mellitus

Glucose concentrations that are high enough to overwhelm the rehab sorption capabilities of the kidneys the presence of high blood glucose levels is called hyperglycemia And diabetes mellitus glucose appears in the urine and becomes excessive which is called polyuria

What are thyroid follicles

Hollow spheres lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium which surround the cavity that holds fluid containing large quantities of protein

What is negative feedback

Hormones are either secreted or suppressed to either enhance or slow down or stop certain mechanisms in the body mechanisms in the body

Describe lipid derivatives

Hormones that are built from fatty acid's ( eicosanoids ) Example leukotrienes They are important paracrine factors that coordinate cellular activities and effect and somatic processes such as blood clotting

What are the four outcomes when I saw received instructions from to Harmons the same time

Antagonistic affects negative feedback as an example when antagonistic hormones are present the observed Effects ard weaker Additive effects to Harmons may have additive effect so the net result is greater this is a synergistic effect a drawing together Permissive

1st describe similarities between the endocrine and nervous systems and their specific modes of intercellular communication

Both the nervous and endocrine systems release chemical messengers that bind to target cells

What is a hypophyseal portal system

Capillary network's and the interconnecting vessels

What are the mechanism of communication

Direct communication through gap junctions usually close together and are the same type Paracrine through extracellular fluid using paracrine factors Endocrine communication through the bloodstream using hormones cells are usually in distant tissues and organs Synaptic communication across synapses using neurotransmitters and usually limited to a very specific area

Where do target cells bind

Either in the plasma membrane cytoplasm or the nucleus

What are the functions of endocrine organs and normal growth and development

Insulin , parathyroid hormone's , thyroid hormones reproductive hormones and growth hormones all have affects on growth these are regulated and dependently and sometimes with different mixtures

What are the hormones produced by the adrenal gland and what other functionsv

Mineralocorticoids Which target the kidneys and regulate blood pressure Glucocorticoids Sterood hormones that effect glucose levels Sex hormones Epinephrine and noropinephrine Increase cardiac activity and blood pressure

Describe the location of the parathyroid glands and identify the functions of the Horman they produce

Parathyroid glands are in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland They produce parathyroid hormone's they monitor calcium levels in the blood

Steroid hormones diffuse across what

Phospholipid by layer of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm a nucleus

What is the mechanism used for for hormonal action

Receptors for peptide hormone uses a first messenger and a second messenger

Similarities between the endocrine and nervous systems are

Release of chemicals that bind to specific receptors Share many chemical messengers Regulated primarily by negative feedback Share the common goal to preserve homeostasis by coordinating activities of cells tissues and organs

Describe steroid hormones

Released by the reproductive organs or by the cortex of the adrenal gland's corticosteroids or by the kidneys -calcitrol

Where is the pituitary gland located

Small oval gland that lies nestled within the sella turcica A depression and the sphenoid bone

16:2 explain the classification of hormones and the key functions of hormone secreted by organs and in the endocrine system

The classification of hormones are based on their chemical structure amino acid derivatives peptide hormones and lipid derivatives

Describe the location of the structure of the pancreas

The pancreas lies in the loop form between the inferior border of the stomach and the proximal portion of the small intestine it is slender and pale with a nodular lumpy texture

Describe the location of the pineal gland and the functions of the hormones it produces

The pineal gland is part of the epithalamus and lies posterior in the posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle in the brain the pineal gland contains neurons neuroglia and special secretory cellsThe pineal gland affect the rate of melatonin production

Describe the location and structure of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland curves across the anterior surface of the trachea just inferior to the thyroid the two lobes the thyroid gland are initrd by a commection the isthmus.

Identify pituitary hormones and their functions

Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH releases thyroid Adrenocorticotropic Acth Stimulates the release of steroid hormones Gonadotropin Fsh and Lh Produce reproductive cells ADH retains water and decreases urination in the kidneys Oxsee Tosun or oh XT stimulate smooth muscle contraction in the uterus promoting labor and delivery Growth hormone GH stimulate cell growth and reproduction I accelerate in the rate of protein synthesis PRL which is prolactin hormones that stimulate memory memory glands and milk production and pregnancies MSH melanocyte stimulating hormone stimulates melanocytes of the scan to increase their production of melanin

What is type one diabetes and type two

Type one diabetes is in adequate insulin production and you must receive insulin to live type two diabetes is the most common you for doing produce the normal amounts of insulin but there tissues do not respond properly this is known as insulin resistance and associate it with obesity and weight loss through diet and exercise can be in effect treatment