BIOL 116 Ch. 16 Learning Outcomes

exhaustion phase

During which phase of the general adaption syndrome is there a collapse of vital systems?

melatonin

Increased amounts of light would inhibit the production of which hormone?

second messenger

changes the rate of various metabolic reactions by acting as an enzyme activator, an enzyme inhibitor, and a cofactor

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

characterized by inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

characterized by insulin resistance (failure to use insulin properly)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

targets adreal cortex

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

targets kidneys

growth hormone (GH)

targets liver cells

prolactin (PRL)

targets mammary glands in females

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

targets melanocytes in skin

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

targets testes and ovaries

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

targets thyroid gland

oxytocin (OXT)

targets uterus and mammary glands

-adrenal cortex: mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol and corticosterone) -adrenal medulla: epinephrine and nonepinephrine

Cite the hormones secreted by each region of the adrenal gland

PTH

Decreased blood calcium levels would result in increased secretion of what hormone?

characterized by long-term metabolic adjustments, including mobilization of remaining energy reserves, conservation of glucose, elevation of blood glucose concentration, and conservation of salt and water.

Describe the resistance response

-amino acid derivatives -peptide hormones, which are chains of amino acids that are synthesized as prohormones -lipid derivatives, which contain carbon rings and side chains that are built from fatty acids or cholesterol

Describe the structural classification of hormones

increasing calcium release from bones, increasing reabsorption of calcium from the blood by the kidneys, and increasing the production of calcitroil by the kidneys, which increases absorption of calcium from the digestive tract

Explain how the parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels

-diabetic retinopathy -blockages in heart circulation -increase risk for heart attack -diabetic nephropathy -diabetic neuropathy -decreased blood flow to distal limbs

Identify some clinical problems associated with diabetes mellitus

pinealocytes

Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland

-secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) -secretion of regulatory hormones that control activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland -neural control over the endocrine cells of the adrenal medullae

Identify the three mechanisms by which the hypothalamus integrates neural and endocrine function

-alpha cells: glucagon -beta cells: insulin -delta cells: GH-IH -pancreatic polypeptide cells (PP): pancreatic polypeptide hormone

Identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each

-metabolic factors -physical damage -congenital disorders

Identify three main causes of hormone hyposecretion

the amount of ADH released increases in response to increased blood osmotic pressure resulting from a rise in solute concentration

In a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change?

-corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) -growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) -prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) -gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

List the hypothalamic releasing hormones

-alarm phase -resistance phase -exhaustion phase

List the three phases of stress response

-maintain circadian rhythms -affect the timing of sexual maturation -protect against damage by free radicals

List three function suggested for melatonin in humans

Regions 1. adrenal capsule 2. adrenal cortex 3. adrenal medulla Zones 1. zona glomerulosa 2. zona fasciculata 3. zona reticularis

Name the region and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep

insulin

The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentration?

growth hormone (GH)

The release of which pituitary hormone would lead to an increased level of somatomedins in the blood?

-blood vessels of the hypophyseal portal vessels -unusually permeable fenestrated capillary beds in each structure are connected by portal vessels -ensure hypothalamic regulatory hormones reach the "downstream" endocrine cells of the anterior lobe directly before general circulation

What are the blood vessels that link the hypothalamus with the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

-thyroxine (T4) -triiodothyronine (T3) -calcitonin

What are the hormones of the thyroid gland?

aldosteronism

What condition is characterized by increased body weight due to Na+ and water retention and a low blood K+ concentration?

elevated blood glucose level (cortisol reduces the use of glucose)

What effect would increased cortisol levels have on blood glucose level?

-inhibit the release of CRH by the hypothalamus -lack of CRH would reduce secretion of ACTH from pituitary gland -ACTH levels would decrease

What effects would increased circulating levels of glucocorticoids have on the pituitary secretion of ACTH?

preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine system?

stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, reducing the amount of glycogen stored in the liver

What is the effect of increased glucagon levels on the amount of glycogen stored in the liver?

intergrative effects

What kind of effect do hormones have if they produce different but complimentary effects?

steroid hormones

What type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm?

antagonistic effects

Which of the four hormonal effect are involved in negative feedback response?

most reserves of thyroxine are bound to transport proteins in the bloodstream; it takes several days after removal of the thyroid gland for blood levels of thyroxine to decline

Why do signs and symptoms of thyroxine concentration not appear until about a week after a thyroidectomy?

regulatory hormone

a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that controls endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

first messenger

a hormone whose binding to a protein receptor in the plasma membrane gives rise to a second messenger in the cytoplasm

hyper-

excessive hormone production

hypo-

inadequate hormone production

synergistic effect

occurs when two hormones have an additive effect so that the net result is greater than the effect each would produce alone

hormone receptor

protein molecule, located either on the plasma membrane (extracellular) or inside the cell (intracellular), that binds with a specific hormone