BIOL 116 Ch. 16 Learning Outcomes
exhaustion phase
During which phase of the general adaption syndrome is there a collapse of vital systems?
melatonin
Increased amounts of light would inhibit the production of which hormone?
second messenger
changes the rate of various metabolic reactions by acting as an enzyme activator, an enzyme inhibitor, and a cofactor
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
characterized by inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
characterized by insulin resistance (failure to use insulin properly)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
targets adreal cortex
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
targets kidneys
growth hormone (GH)
targets liver cells
prolactin (PRL)
targets mammary glands in females
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
targets melanocytes in skin
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
targets testes and ovaries
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
targets thyroid gland
oxytocin (OXT)
targets uterus and mammary glands
-adrenal cortex: mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol and corticosterone) -adrenal medulla: epinephrine and nonepinephrine
Cite the hormones secreted by each region of the adrenal gland
PTH
Decreased blood calcium levels would result in increased secretion of what hormone?
characterized by long-term metabolic adjustments, including mobilization of remaining energy reserves, conservation of glucose, elevation of blood glucose concentration, and conservation of salt and water.
Describe the resistance response
-amino acid derivatives -peptide hormones, which are chains of amino acids that are synthesized as prohormones -lipid derivatives, which contain carbon rings and side chains that are built from fatty acids or cholesterol
Describe the structural classification of hormones
increasing calcium release from bones, increasing reabsorption of calcium from the blood by the kidneys, and increasing the production of calcitroil by the kidneys, which increases absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
Explain how the parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels
-diabetic retinopathy -blockages in heart circulation -increase risk for heart attack -diabetic nephropathy -diabetic neuropathy -decreased blood flow to distal limbs
Identify some clinical problems associated with diabetes mellitus
pinealocytes
Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland
-secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) -secretion of regulatory hormones that control activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland -neural control over the endocrine cells of the adrenal medullae
Identify the three mechanisms by which the hypothalamus integrates neural and endocrine function
-alpha cells: glucagon -beta cells: insulin -delta cells: GH-IH -pancreatic polypeptide cells (PP): pancreatic polypeptide hormone
Identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each
-metabolic factors -physical damage -congenital disorders
Identify three main causes of hormone hyposecretion
the amount of ADH released increases in response to increased blood osmotic pressure resulting from a rise in solute concentration
In a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change?
-corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) -growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) -prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) -gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
List the hypothalamic releasing hormones
-alarm phase -resistance phase -exhaustion phase
List the three phases of stress response
-maintain circadian rhythms -affect the timing of sexual maturation -protect against damage by free radicals
List three function suggested for melatonin in humans
Regions 1. adrenal capsule 2. adrenal cortex 3. adrenal medulla Zones 1. zona glomerulosa 2. zona fasciculata 3. zona reticularis
Name the region and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep
insulin
The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentration?
growth hormone (GH)
The release of which pituitary hormone would lead to an increased level of somatomedins in the blood?
-blood vessels of the hypophyseal portal vessels -unusually permeable fenestrated capillary beds in each structure are connected by portal vessels -ensure hypothalamic regulatory hormones reach the "downstream" endocrine cells of the anterior lobe directly before general circulation
What are the blood vessels that link the hypothalamus with the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
-thyroxine (T4) -triiodothyronine (T3) -calcitonin
What are the hormones of the thyroid gland?
aldosteronism
What condition is characterized by increased body weight due to Na+ and water retention and a low blood K+ concentration?
elevated blood glucose level (cortisol reduces the use of glucose)
What effect would increased cortisol levels have on blood glucose level?
-inhibit the release of CRH by the hypothalamus -lack of CRH would reduce secretion of ACTH from pituitary gland -ACTH levels would decrease
What effects would increased circulating levels of glucocorticoids have on the pituitary secretion of ACTH?
preserve homeostasis by coordinating and regulating the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine system?
stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, reducing the amount of glycogen stored in the liver
What is the effect of increased glucagon levels on the amount of glycogen stored in the liver?
intergrative effects
What kind of effect do hormones have if they produce different but complimentary effects?
steroid hormones
What type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm?
antagonistic effects
Which of the four hormonal effect are involved in negative feedback response?
most reserves of thyroxine are bound to transport proteins in the bloodstream; it takes several days after removal of the thyroid gland for blood levels of thyroxine to decline
Why do signs and symptoms of thyroxine concentration not appear until about a week after a thyroidectomy?
regulatory hormone
a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that controls endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
first messenger
a hormone whose binding to a protein receptor in the plasma membrane gives rise to a second messenger in the cytoplasm
hyper-
excessive hormone production
hypo-
inadequate hormone production
synergistic effect
occurs when two hormones have an additive effect so that the net result is greater than the effect each would produce alone
hormone receptor
protein molecule, located either on the plasma membrane (extracellular) or inside the cell (intracellular), that binds with a specific hormone