CH 16 Questions

By 1890, the majority of Americans:

worked for wages.

In 1883, railroad companies divided the nation into what?

4 time zones

What was The Grange?

A group of members that called on the state governments to establish fair freight rates and warehouse charges and regulated some railroad practices

Henry George offered what as a solution for the problem of inequality in America?

A single tax

What factors contributed to the explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age?

Abundant natural resources, a growing supply of labor, an expanding market for manufactured goods, and the availability of capital investments

The massive hunting of what animal hurt the Plains Indians?

Buffalo

What did hunters shoot while riding the railroads across the West?

Buffalo

What was the Social Gospel?

Called for an equalization of wealth and power

Why were Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller important?

Carnegie headed the most technically advanced steel companies in the world, Rockefeller had major success in the oil industry

What did Crédit Mobiler and the Whiskey Ring symbolize about the Grant Administration?

Corruption among the officials in charge of the Grant Administration

What was the Civil Service Act of 1883?

Created a merit system for federal employees

Republican economic policies strongly favored what industries?

Eastern industrialists and bankers, and worked to the disadvantage of farmers

What was the importance of the court case Elk v. Wilkins?

It agreed with lowering court rulings that the 14th and 15th amendments did not apply to Indians

What did William G. Summer believe social classes owed each other?

Nothing

The Indian victory at Little Bighorn had what effect?

Only delayed the expansion of white settlement in the West

Describe pools, trusts, and mergers. What did manufacturers use them for

Pools: divided up markets between competing firms and fixed prices. Trusts: legal devices whereby the affairs of several rivaling companies were managed by a single director. Mergers: small companies combined to form a large one. Merchants used these to control their economy

Which mode of transportation is usually associated with the second industrial revolution?

Railroads

What was the aim of the Dawes Act of 1887?

Sought to break up the tribial system

The Plains Indians included which tribes?

The Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, and Sioux

Who was Chief Joseph?

The Nez Percé leader, who condemned the policy of confining Indians to reservations and asked for him and his tribe be freed

Who insisted that freedom and spiritual self-development required an equalization if wealth and power and that unbridled competition mocked the Christian ideal of brotherhood?

The Social Gospel

What was the white reaction to the Ghost Dance?

The religious revitalization campaign was believed to be an uprising, so whites opened fire, killing 150-200 Indians

In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis focused on what?

The wretched conditions in NYC slums

What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians?

To "civilize" Indians

What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians?

To civilize the Indians, making them "American" as whites defined the term.

What effect did the 2nd industrial revolution have on workers?

Workers' economic independence became reliant on technical skill

55. From the information presented in the text, one can conclude that the settlement of the West

d. all of these (a. was accomplished to a great extent with the economic assistance of the federal government. b. depended to a great extent on the capitalist economic structure emerging in the northeastern part of the United States. c. was achieved by people from all over the country and the world who added to the multicultural makeup of the United States.)

64. The Knights of Labor sought to

d. organize both skilled and unskilled workers in the industrial workforce. (p. 627)

The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 to:

ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable and fair rates.

The Grange was an organization that:

established cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output.

In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis:

focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums.

One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was:

frequent and prolonged economic depressions.

One of the reasons that the Great Strike of 1877 was important is that:

it underscored the tensions produced by the rapid industrialization of the time.

The American working class:

lived in desperate conditions.

All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT:

low tariffs.

The economic development of the American West was based on:

lumber, mining industries, tourism, and farming.

The __________ made possible the second industrial revolution in America.

railroads

During the second industrial revolution, the courts:

tended to favor the interests of industry over those of labor.

The second industrial revolution was marked by:

the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries.

In 1883, __________ divided the nation into the four time zones still used today.

the major railroad companies

Bonanza farms:

typically had thousands of acres of land or more.

Chief Joseph:

wanted freedom for his people, the Nez Percé.

The Greenback-Labor Party:

wanted the federal government to stop taking money out of circulation.

The Knights of Labor:

was an inclusive organization that advocated for a vast array of reforms.

In the nineteenth century, pools, trusts, and mergers were:

ways that manufacturers sought to control the marketplace.

The economic development of the American West was based on what industries?

Agriculture, lumber, and mining

How can we describe the second industrial revolution?

An expansion of industries

Who were the Knights of Labor?

An inclusive organization that advocated for a vast array of reforms

After the Civil War, what became a symbol of life of freedom in the open range?

Cowboys

What were industries that made the second industrial revolution possible in the U.S.?

Factory production, mining, and railroad construction

Over 150 utopian and cataclysmic novels were published during the last quarter of the nineteenth century because?

Fear of class warfare

A significant economic impact of the 2nd industrial revolution was?

Frequent and prolonged economic depressions

What did economist and social historian Thorstein Veblen mean by "conspicuous consumption"?

How the upper-class focused on spending money not on needed or desired goods, but simply to demonstrate the possession of wealth

Thomas Edison invented what things that helped the 2nd industrial revolution?

Phonograph, light bulb, motion picture, and a system for generating and distributing electric power

What was the Haymarket Affair?

Started after a bomb was thrown at an officer at a labor protest

The Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York held?

That contract decisions would be up to the employee and employer, instead of the state

The Greenback-Labor Party ran on what platform?

That the federal government stop taking "greenback" money out of circulation and condemned the use of the militia and police against strikes. It controlled the government in industrial and mining communities

During the 2nd industrial revolution, how did the courts tend to rule on economic issues?

That the state regulation of business, especially laws restricting maximum hours of work, was an insult to free labor

What is the theory of Social Darwism?

That the theory of evolution applied to humans, thus explaining why some were rich and some were poor

What was the impact of the 2nd industrial revolution on the trans-Mississippi West?

The agricultural empire grew

Who was William M. Tweed?

The boss of New York's Tweed Ring, which helped support New Yorkers

In his speech "A Second Declaration of Independence," labor leader Ira Steward argued that the most pressing problem facing the nation was?

The growing gap between the rich and the poor

The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 for what purpose?

To ensure that the rates railroads charged farmers and merchants to transport their goods were "reasonable" and they didn't underprice/overprice certain shippers over others

What were Bonanza farms?

Typically consisted of areas of land 3,000+ acres that consisted of Bonanza plants, the only crop that would thrive in the arid land and limited rainfall

Between 1897 and 1904, a wave of financial mergers led to the creation of what corporations?

U.S. Steel, Standard Oil, and International Harvester

The first billion-dollar enterprise corporation was:

U.S. Steel.

Why is the Great Strike of 1877 important?

Was evidence of worker solidarity and the close ties between the Republican Party and the new class of industrialists

The single most important natural resource of the American West was?

Water

What event marked the end of the Indian wars?

Wounded Knee Massacre

How is Standard Oil depicted in the magazine Puck, illustrating the company as a dangerous monopoly?

An octopus

What were living conditions of the American working class like during the Gilded Age?

Desperate

48. All of the following statements describe facets of the experiences of Native Americans of the West, EXCEPT:

a. Native Americans generally believed that the U.S. government had dealt fairly with them.

57. All of the following characterized US politics in the late 19th century, EXCEPT:

b. Politicians worked rigorously to correct economic and social problems facing Americans.

60. Social Darwinists

b. believed that natural laws also applied to society.

The Social Gospel:

called for an equalization of wealth and power.

41. John D. Rockefeller was known for all of the following, EXCEPT:

a. Rockefeller welcomed competition in not only the oil industry, but in all heavy industries.

32. All of the following can be said about the years between 1870-1920, EXCEPT:

a. Small, family-run businesses and farms became predominant.

37. The foremost American inventor of the late 1800s and early 1900s was

a. Thomas Alva Edison.

54. One of the main battles between Buffalo Soldiers and Native Americans took place near the El Paso area during the Victorio War at a site adjacent to

a. White Sands, NM.

43. Generally speaking, laborers in the latter 19th century can be described by all of the following statements, EXCEPT:

a. Women were among the best-paid workers in the job market at that time.

67. After the Haymarket Strike of 1886,

a. law enforcement groups recognized the need for increasing the protection of strikers. (p. 633)

68. The rapid industrialization of the late 1800s

a. produced controversy concerning its benefits for U.S. society.

63. The railroad strike of 1877

a. resulted in a U.S. president using federal troops to restore order for the first time. (p. 626)

45. In order to achieve the successful settlement of the American West,

a. the federal government would have to find ways to divest the countless Native American tribes who lived there of their lands

47. In describing the development of cattle ranching in the West, which of the following statements is NOT true?

b. Cattle ranching faced numerous problems from both man and nature.

31. All of the following factors contributed to the growth of American industry, EXCEPT:

b. The overproduction of farm commodities

39. The Gospel of Wealth

b. acknowledged that the rich were "trustees" of wealth and that they should use their resources for the betterment of society.

61. The theory of Social Darwinism

b. claimed that wealth should not necessarily be the basis for a person to have great power and influence.

44. In the late 1800s,

b. middle class suburbs were developing at the same time that slums were expanding.

33. One of the greatest changes that took place between 1870‑1900 was

b. urbanization.

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller:

built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets.

40. All of the following statements can be said of Andrew Carnegie, EXCEPT:

c. Andrew Carnegie provided funding for El Paso's first official library.

50. Concerning the period of the Indian Wars, all of the following are true, EXCEPT:

c. The federal government finally fulfilled one of its promises when it allowed Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce to return to their homeland in 1879.

49. Government policy toward Native Americans in the 1880s can be described in part by all of the following statements, EXCEPT:

c. The federal government hoped to reinforce Indian culture by ordering the education of Indian children in white schools.

34. In the late 1800s, the railroad industry developed in all of the following ways, EXCEPT:

c. The railroad industry avoided becoming associated with the nation's newest business combination, the corporation, since the railroad barons all had enough money to finance their economic endeavors on their own.

52. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the term Buffalo Soldiers was used to identify members of the

c. all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry units who served in the American West and during the Indian Wars.

51. Some historians have addressed the issue of how blacks and Native Americans were treated under federal policies. Please answer this question based on what you have read in Chs. 15 and 16: Immediately following the Civil War, federal laws provided for

c. fairer treatment under the law for blacks but not for Indians.

35. It was the railroad companies, and not the federal government, that first instituted

c. interstate trade.

56. City governments after 1870 were characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

c. party bosses who generally were associated with an increase in the immigrant population.

62. The "liberty of contract" concept

c. ultimately hindered the economic progress of laborers.

38. After Andrew Carnegie attained great wealth through the steel industry, he became a philanthropist, which means that he

c. used his fortune to establish social and educational institutions.

The Civil Service Act of 1883:

created a merit system for government workers.

58. The federal government did instate a few regulations in the late 1800s that attempted to correct political and economic ills, including the

d. all of these (a. Civil Service Act, which professionalized government employment. b. Interstate Commerce Commission, to prevent unfair railroad charges. c. Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, which outlawed business combinations "in restraint of trade.")

46. Which of the following innovations improved farming in the West?

d. all of these (a. Improved farm machinery b. Large-scale irrigation projects c. Chemical fertilizers)

65. Some opinions that circulated in the late 1800s concerning U.S. society and economy included

d. all of these (a. Laurence Gronlund's introduction of socialist ideas to the American public. b. Henry George's proposal of a "single tax" which would destroy monopolies and distribute wealth more equally. c. Edward Bellamy's version of "nationalism" that incorporated the idea of governmental guarantees for the equitable distribution of the country's wealth, which he anticipated would have developed by the year 2000.) (p. 628)

36. Inventions and innovations of the late 19th century which transformed American life included

d. all of these (a. advancements in communications through the intercontinental telegraph and the telephone, as well as the increased use of electricity to light homes and power industries. b. the establishment of trusts and monopolies to coordinate business activities. c. the development of brand names, chain stores, and mail order companies that helped integrate the national market and provide standardization and convenience for consumers)

66. Adherents of the Social Gospel movement

d. all of these (a. believed Christianity must meet the physical needs of the urban poor as well as save their souls. b. thought that churches must actively participate in society. c. attempted to improve the physical surroundings of working-class and poor neighborhoods.) (p. 632)

59. Developments during the Gilded Age at the state and local level included

d. all of these (a. blatant neglect of public health and educational concerns by state governments. b. deliberate administrative delay in construction of utilities and other public service projects. c. some small achievements by political parties, farmers' groups and labor unions.)

42. The country's economic growth in the late 1800s

d. all of these (a. produced higher wages for workers. b. generated some unstable circumstances that caused economic depression. c. brought about more dangerous working conditions. )

53. Henry O. Flipper is known for being

d. all of these (a. the first black officer in the U.S. army who served in the 1870s and early 1880s. b. unjustly given a dishonorable discharge from the army based on trumped-up charges. c. a surveyor, cartographer, engineer, writer, and translator, among other occupations, who was a frequent visitor to and sometimes resident of early El Paso.)

The Haymarket Affair:

was provoked by the 1886 bombing at a Chicago labor rally.