Ch. 17 Blood Marieb study
The average functional lifespan of an RBC
100-120 days
The hormone that regulates the rate of erythrocyte production is called:
erythropoietin
The condition in which fetal RBCs are destroyed faster than the infant liver can rid the body of the breakdown products of hemoglobin is called __________.
physiologic jaundice
The majority of whole blood (aka- the matrix) is __________.
plasma
If you carry the Rh antigen, you are referred to as Rh _________
+
Platelets
-Platelet Genesis: hemocytoblast>megakaryoblast> >promegakaryocyte>megakaryocyte> platelets. SO: Platelets=fragments of megakaryocytes -(granules: serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)) Functions >clotting forms temporary plug to help seal breaks in blood vessels
Which one of the following does NOT describe blood plasma? -color of red wine -contains plasma proteins -contains metal ions (salts) -contains hormone
-color of red wine >Plasma is a clear, yellowish fluid (the color of straw). watery part of every person's blood
Compatibility testing for agglutination of Donor's RBC's by the recipient's serum is called? -cross matching -blood typing -hemodialysis -transfusion reaction -hemolysis
-cross matching
Severe shock occurs with blood loss of? -over 10% over 30% -over 20% -over 5% -over 50%
-over 30 %
Megakaryocytes pinch off anucleate fragments called? neutrophils -erythrocytes -granulocytes -agranulocytes -platelets
-platelets
Blood cell formation in adults occurs in all of the following EXCEPT? -flat bones of pelvis -shaft of femur -flat bones of skull -epiphyseal plate -proximal epiphyses of humerus & femur
-shaft of femur
List and describe the structure of the two major classifications of leukocytes
109)The two major groups are the granulocytes and the agranulocytes. 1. The granulocytes have lobed nuclei and granules in the cytoplasm. 2. The agranulocytes lack cytoplasmic granules. Their nuclei are more normal in shape (either spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped)
Explain the antigen-antibody response as it relates to blood groups
110)Antigens are surface proteins found on all cells including blood cells. In the case of blood groups, an individualȇs blood type reflects the presence or absence of specific antigens. An antigen-antibody response is initiated if the individual receives a transfusion of blood containing antigens that it identifies as beingȱȈforeign.ȈȱAntibodies found in a personȇs blood bind to the foreign antigen, causing agglutination, or clumping. The antigen-antibody complexes clog the small blood vessels, and the foreign RBCs are lysed, releasing hemoglobin into the bloodstream. The most serious complication of a transfusion reaction is kidney failure due to blockage of the kidney tubules by the hemoglobin molecules.ȱȱ
Excess RBCs result in? -Pernicious anemia -Leukemia -Sickle‐cell anemia -Polycythemia - Leukocytosis
Polycythemia - Excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity
**Blood type A will respond to a blood transfusion of blood type B with anti-B antibodies.
T
All formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell called a hemocytoblast
T
Normal blood volume in healthy males is 5-6 liters.
T
Rh-related problems occur in pregnant Rh- women carrying an Rh+ baby
T
Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma
Leukocytes that differentiate into macrophages? -eosinophils -basophils -monocytes -lymphocytes -neutrophils
They leave the circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages
Treatment for Hemophilia involves
Treatment is often with transfusions of plasma and injections of the missing clotting factors
The plasma protein that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is __________
albumin
Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to osmotic pressure? albumin beta globulins fibrinogen alpha globulin
albumin
A decrease in the bloodȇs ability to transport oxygen is called __________.
anemia
A substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies
antigen
Which type of leukocyte contains heparin, an anticoagulant:-eosinophils -basophils -monocytes -lymphocytes -neutrophils
basophil
Contain histamine
basophils
Increase during allergy attacks
basophils
When we take anti-histamines, we are countering the effects of which type of leukocyte? eosinophils basophils monocytes lymphocytes
basophils
A __________ clot is formed during the process of hemostasis
fibrin
What protein involved in coagulation provides the scaffolding for tissue repair? -prothrombin activator -fibrinogen -thrombin -fibrin
fibrin -The final steps in coagulation result in prothrombin activator catalyzing the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin and thrombin catalyzing the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin serves as the scaffolding for tissue repair.
The percentage of total volume used to determine the number of erythrocytes in a blood sample is referred to as the:
hematocrit
Blood cell formation is called __________ and occurs in red bone marrow
hematopoiesis
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood? a)megakaryocyte b)normoblast c)polymorphonuclear cell d)hemocytoblast
hemocytoblast
The iron-containing protein found in RBCs that transports the majority of oxygen carried in the blood is __________.
hemoglobin
The condition in which maternal antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the babyȇs RBCs is called _________
hemolytic disease of the newborn
The process by which bleeding is stopped is called __________
hemostasis
The series of reactions that stop blood flow following a cut is called:
hemostasis
Define Hemophilia -Symptoms and Treatment
hereditary bleeding disorder caused by lack of clotting factors. Symptoms : prolonged bleeding,painful and disabled joints. Treatment : blood transfusions and injection of missing factors
Kill parasitic worms
neutrophils
The most numerous leukocyte is the:
neutrophils
When a person has an acute bacterial infection, such as meningitis or appendicitis, which type of leukocyte increases in number? a)neutrophils b)basophils c)eosinophils d)lymphocytes
neutrophils
The red blood cell disorder caused by life at a high altitude is called __________
polycythemia
The movement of WBCs to areas of inflammation in response to chemical mediators is called __________
positive chemotaxis
In adults, red blood cell production occurs in__________.
red bone marrow
Which chemical is released to bring about vasoconstriction during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis
serotonin
Which one of the following is NOT true of WBC
they initiate the clotting process
Which one of the following represents the proper sequence of hemostasis
three phases occur in rapid sequence: • Vascular spasms - immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury • Platelet plug formation • Coagulation (blood clotting)
Prothrombin activator coverts prothrombin to
thrombin
An insufficiency of circulating platelets is called _________
thrombocytopenia
The first step in hemostasis is __________.
vascular spasm
The first step in hemostasis is: platelet plug formation. coagulation. vascular spasm. fibrin production.
vascular spasm.
Bleeding disorders often result from a lack of which one of the following vitamins
vitamin K
Erythrocytes (RBCs) Form & Function
-Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles -Filled with hemoglobin (Hb), protein for gas transport - RBC's are 97% hemoglobin, each can transport 4 molecules of oxygen
Describe the three phases of the normal blood-clotting process
111)ȱȱHemostasis involves three major phases. The first phase is platelet plug formation, in which platelets become ȈstickyȈȱand cling to the site of injury. The second phase is the vascular spasm phase, in which serotonin released by the platelets causes the blood vessels to spasm and constrict, thus decreasing blood loss. The third phase is coagulation wherein thromboplastin interacts with PF3 and calcium, as well as other blood proteins, to form prothrombin activator. Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin, which then joins with fibrinogen o form fibrin, the basis of the clot.ȱȱ
Scottȇs blood test shows that he has excess red blood cells. Identify and describe two causes of this disorder
113)Scottȇs disorder is polycythemia, which results from excess numbers of erythrocytes in the blood. This disorder may result from: 1. Bone marrow cancer (called polycythemia vera) 2. Life at a high altitude where the air is thinner and less oxygen is available (called secondary polycythemia) Increased sluggishness of the blood results from polycythemia.ȱȱ
Blood normally clots in approximately? 15 min 5 - 10 min 3- 6min 1 min 30 min
3 to 6 minutes
There are an average of __________ WBCs per cubic millimeter of whole blood? -100-1000 -4,000-11,000 -10,000-20,000 -50,000-100,000 -1 million-3 million
4,000-11,000
Monocytes-Form and Function
4-8% of leukocytes, largest leukocytes, pale‐blue cytoplasm, purple staining U or kidney shaped nuclei leave circulation enter tissue, & differentiate into -macrophages:highly mobile , actively phagocytic -Activate lymphocytes to mount immune response
The lifespan of platelets
5-10 days
What is the average normal pH range of blood? 4.65-4.75 7.75-7.85 8.35-8.45 7.35-7.45
7.35-7.45
ABO blood groups are based on the presence of which antigens? -A -B -A&B -AB&O O
A and B antigens
The rarest blood type in the United States is type __________.
AB
1)Normal whole blood contains __________ g of hemoglobin per 100 mL. A)4-8 B)12-18 C)15-20 D)30-35 E)42-48
B)12-18
HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)?
B- female pregnant with an AB+ baby Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) can develop when an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus. HDN is unlikely to develop in an Rh- female's first pregnancy with an Rh+ baby. Rather, it is in a subsequent pregnancy with an Rh+ baby that HDN can develop.
What types of white blood cells kills parasitic worms, destroys antibody complexes, and inactivates some inflammatory chemicals of allergy?
Eosinophils
Transport carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
Transports oxygen bound to hemoglobin
Erythrocytes
Which one of the following formed elements is the most abundant? -eosinophils -basophils -monocytes -lymphocytes -neutrophils -erythrocytes
Erythrocytes
Which is not a Physical Characteristic of Blood? -Blood is sticky - Opaque fluid -Alkaline -Sweet taste -Heavier than water
No Sweet Taste - it has a metallic taste
A person who lacks agglutinogens A and B would have blood type: O. A. AB. B.
O
Most common blood type in the U.S.?
O
The immune serum used to prevent maternal sensitization to Rh antigens
RhoGAM
What role do the kidneys play in erythropoiesis?
The kidneys detect low levels of oxygen in the blood.
Which blood type(s) can a person with blood type O receive? -A -B -A&B -AB&O -O -A, B, AB, & O
Type O
the universal donor
Type O is the universal donor since these RBCs would lack A and B agglutinogens. People with type O blood can give blood to all the ABO blood groups.
What is an embolus?
a blood clot that has broken loose and is floating freely in the blood stream
The process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called
agglutination
A major plasma protein that maintains the blood osmotic pressure is:
albumin
Which leukocyte contains histamine in its granules?
basophils
ion essential for blood clotting
calcium
The process by which WBCs are able to easily slip in and out of blood vessels is called __________
diapedesis
Form B and T lymphocytes
eosinophils
The type of leukocytes that would increase rapidly during allergy attacks and infections of parasitic worms are
eosinophils
The anucleate cells that function to transport oxygen to the bodyȇs cells are called _________
erthrocytes (RBCs)
Anemias appearing in old age result from all of the following EXCEPT: -drug therapy -leukemia -erythrocyte mutations -nutritional deficiencies -vitamin deficiencies
erythrocyte mutations
Which of the following is not a type of red blood cell disorder?
leukemia
White blood cells are also called __________
leukocytes
An abnormal elevation of WBCs above the normal count of 11,000 cells/mm3 is called ___ _______.
leukocytosis
The organ largely responsible for the synthesis of clotting factors is the
liver
Which type of leukocyte is responsible for antibody production? eosinophils basophils monocytes lymphocytes
lymphocytes
Active phagocytes that become macrophages
monocytes
Active phagocytes that increase rapidly during acute infection
monocytes
Long-termȱȈclean-up team
monocytes
What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production to make new red blood cells?
reduced availability of oxygen
An immature RBC is called
reticulocyte
In a centrifuged sample of blood, what makes up the buffy coat? A)red blood cells B) platelets only C)white blood cells and platelets D)plasma
white blood cells and platelets It constitutes less than 1% of whole blood.
