Ch. 17 SA

If the drug damages a transcription factor molecule, then the RNA polymerase would be unable to unwind the DNA, and the mRNA would be unable to read the DNA, causing translation and transcription to be unable to occur.

A new candidate drug produced by Eli Lilly damages a transcription factor molecule. Describe the probable outcome of this damage and speculate on what results it might have on the organism.

This drug could cause some inabilities to control the bacteria. If the large subunit of the ribosome cannot bond with the smaller subunit, then the bacteria cell will be unable to make proteins. This is because the anticodons of tRNA will not be able to bond with the codons on the mRNA, causing a lack in making proteins.

Another Eli Lilly candidate drug impairs the function of the large unit of the prokaryotic ribosome. Discuss if this drug would have any potential use in controlling bacterial diseases and if it would be expected to be dangerous to humans.

DNA and RNA both assemble nucleic acids. DNA requires primers, but RNA does not. They both synthesize in the 5'-3' direction. DNA uses A,C,T,G. RNA uses A,C,U,G.

Compare DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase in terms of how they function, the requirement for a template and primer, the direction of synthesis and the type of nucleotides used.

Nonsense mutation is when the changed codon becomes a stop codon. The code literally would not make sense because it is stopped halfway through, and leads to a nonfunctional protein. A sense mutation is the changing of a stop codon to a reading codon. This results in longer polypeptides that may not be functional. A missense mutation is altered codons that code for amino acids that are not the right ones. Depending on where this mutation occurs, it can have an effect.

Contrast and compare the following mutations in terms of the genetic code: Nonsense mutation Sense mutation Missense mutation

The inner membrane system is used to route the production of a protein for exportation of the cell, and it includes the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.

Describe a mechanism used to route the production of a protein for exportation out of a cell.

The DNA will go through transcription and translation of the gene. The gene will be copied into mRNA and then leave the nucleus. It will then enter cytoplasm ribosomes and then the codons of the mRNA will be matched with the anticodons of the tRNA.

Describe how the genotype of an organism is turned into the phenotype.

The original mRNA has introns and exons. mRNA is in proteins to take introns and exons together. The mRNA also regulates translation. mRNA is protected safely in protein synthesis with 5' cap, poly a tail is formed.

Discuss THREE ways that the mRNA used in protein synthesis differs from the original RNA transcript. What is the apparent function of each of the alterations or modifications?

The ribosome matches the tRNA anticodon sequence with the mRNA codon sequence. The anticodon can specify the particular amino acid that is carried by tRNA.

Discuss TWO mechanisms or process that ensure the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.

The gene could be read differently from a different starting place. Each gene can also be read by RNA polymerases, causing many copies to be made.

Discuss how can human cells make 75,000- 100,000 different proteins given that there are about 20,000 human genes?

This is because they originally were in between DNA and proteins for deciding the genetic material. They discovered that DNA is the genetic material, instead of proteins. DNA is a non-protein molecule.

Discuss why the definition of "what is a gene" has recently been expanded to non-protein molecules.

If a sequence change was caused, the transcription factor that recognizes the TATA sequence would not be able to bind, which would cause RNA polymerase to be unable to bind. Transcription of the gene would be unable to occur.

Suppose that a burst of X-rays have caused a sequence change in the TATA box of a particular gene. Speculate on what affect this might this on the transcription and translation of the gene?

This enantiomer should not be put into commercial production. Deletions of one base pair at various intervals causes a frameshift. This causes the bases to be grouped together improperly. The groupings of bases are read by threes, and with a continuous deletion of base pairs, that will cause false readings and a nonfunctional protein can be made.

The enantiomer form of a candidate drug from Eli Lilly Co. was found to cause deletions of one base pair at various intervals in the DNA of test animals. Explain to the stockholders why the drug should or should not be put into commercial production (details at the molecular level are important in your answer).

They believed that protein was the genetic material because of the complexity. They discovered that this was false, and that DNA codes for proteins, meaning the genetic material codes for the proteins. They also realized that proteins could denature in heat, but not DNA.

When the genetic material was first being isolated and studied, there was a controversy about it being protein or DNA (as discussed in Chapter 16). Those that backed protein as the genetic material almost got it right. Discuss what the connection was between the two molecules that was missed.