Ch. 19 & 20 test
as a platelet plug forms at an injury site platelets become activated and their cytoplasm
degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2
Contraction of the right ventricle pushes blood against the bicuspid valve forcing it closed, and also against the pulmonary semilunar valve, forcing it open
false
When the heart beats, the right side of the heart contracts before the left side of the heart
false
rupture of a blood cell is called hematopoiesis
false
a person with B blood
has anti-A antibodies
pulmonary veins
left atrium
Aorta
left ventricle
The right side of the heart pumps blood through vessels to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart through the ________ circulation
pulmonary
what type of material is transported by the blood
blood gases, nutrients, lactic acid, and hormones
blood enters the heart from the pulmonary circulation which returns blood from all the tissues of the body
False
cardiomyocytes contain few mitochondria, obtaining their ATP from T tubules
False
the conditions characterized by the over production of erythrocytes is called
erythrocytosis
During platelet plug formation,
platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels.
the total blood volume in the average adult is about ________ in males and _______ in females.
5-6L; 4-5L
in the platelet release reaction,
ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated
when the atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure, the ____ valves open
AV
Taking antihypertensive, vasodilating drugs can be expected to ____________ afterload
Decrease
Globulin
Transport and immunity
Blood flowing through the aorta is taken to all parts of the body except to parts of the lungs supplied by the pulmonary blood vessels
True
Arrange the following events of coagulation in proper sequence
activation of factor XII formation of prothrombinase prothrombin --> fibrin fibrinogen --> fibrin
The most abundant plasma protein is
albumin
in hemolytic disease of the new born,
antibodies from the mother cross the placenta and affect the fetus
The pressure a heart must exert to open the ___________ is called _______________. This is generally a value of about _____ mmHg. Afterload is therefore determined by diastolic ______________
aortic valve; afterload; 80; blood pressure
When ventricular pressure is lower than _______ pressure, arterial blood holds the SL valves closed
arterial
monocytes
become macrophages
what materials are transported by the blood
blood gases, nutrients, lactic acid, and hormones
the combination of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide is
carbaminohemoglobin
When the ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure, the blood in the ventricle pushes the AV valves ________
closed
During exercise, blood is diverted to the skeletal muscles in support of providing energy and oxygen for movement. Skeletal muscle contraction during exercise ___________________, pushing blood more rapidly to the heart. This will ________ preload and cardiac output
compresses veins; increase
what may be affected if the enzyme carbonic anhydrase was not made in the body
conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion
The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called
diapedesis
which of the following formed elements do not have chromosomes?
erythrocytes and reticulocytes
The plasma component that forms fibrin, the insoluble protein, in a blood clot is
fibrinogen
The ________ is a low-pitched sound caused by vibration of the atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid as the valves close at the beginning of ventricular systole
first heart sound
Which of the following would lead to increased erythropoiesis?
increased erythropoietin
erthropoietin
is a product of the kidney.
plasma
is the liquid matrix of the blood
Plasma proteins
maintain blood osmotic pressure; involved in clotting
billirubin
may build up in circulation and cause jaundice
During __________ the AV valves open, and blood flows from the atria into the ventricles.
passive ventricular filling
knowing the location of the heart is important for
positioning a stethoscope to hear heart sounds, placing electrodes to record an electrocardiogram, and effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation
If the right ventricle begins to pump an increased amount of blood, this soon arrives at the left ventricle, stretches it more than before, and causes it to increase its stroke volume and match that of the right. This is an example of
preload
The extent to which ventricular walls is stretched at the end of diastole is called _________. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiomyocytes are not stretched to the point at which they contract with maximal force
preload
Red blood cells will develop from
proerythroblasts
leukocytes
protect against diease
functions of plasma proteins include
regulation of osmotic pressure
If a blood buffer is absent, what function of the blood would be compromised?
regulation of pH
inferior and superior vena cava
right atrium
pulmonary trunk
right ventricle
The _________ is a higher-pitched sound resulting from closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves, at the beginning of ventricular diastole
second heart sound
We describe the heart as having left and right sides. Anatomically the heart is titled , and the left side of the heart is located more __________, relative to the right side of the heart
superiorly
The left side of the heart pumps bood through the __________ circulation, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to all remained tissues in the body
systemic
An increase in hemoglobin increases
the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to various tissues.
The __________ is occasionally heard in some normal people, particularly those who are thin and young and is caused by blood flowing in turbulent fashion into ventricles
third heart sound
When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a:
white blood cell differential count
erthrocytes
transport oxygen
each hemoglobin molecule
transports four oxygen molecules
Electrical signals are conveyed between cardiomyocytes through gap junctions
true
cardiomyocytes are organized in spiral bundles of sheets
true
during depolarization, calcium enters the intracellular fluid from both the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the extracellular fluid
true
intercalated disks serve to increase surface area between cardiomyocytes
true
the loose association between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T tubules is partly responsible for the slow onset of contraction and the prolonged contraction phase in cardiac muscle
true
This give the heart ability to respond to changes in _______ return by adjusting cardiac output in terms of ____________ and contractile force
venous; stroke volume
In the SL valves, when the pressure in the ________ is greater than the pressure in the arteries, the SL valves are forced open
ventricles
the epicardium is also known as the
visceral pericardium