Ch 2 Test Review Criminal Justice Molenar

Clearance rates are a rough index of police performance in solving crimes. True False

True

Crime rates provide a more accurate indication of increases or decreases in crime indexes than do total numbers of crimes. True False

True

Most people in American society have never committed a crime. True False

False

Any index of crime varies with changes in police practices, court policies, and public opinion. True False

True

Offenses known to the police are probably the best index of crime—that is, the least inaccurate. True False

True

The United States Constitution forbids expost facto laws. True False

True

The object of criminal justice in the United States is to prevent and control crime. True False

True

A(n) _______ is expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population or some other base. a. crime rate b. offense known to police c. index crime d. crime index

a. crime rate

A typical _______ definition of crime is "behavior that violates the norms of society." a. social b. psychological c. lega d. criminological

a. social

The 2009 estimates for crime costs in corporate crimes is $260 billion in annual lossess which is nearly _______ times greater than the cost to victims reported in the NCVS. a. 50 b. 16 c. 2 d. 10

b. 16

A study by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) determined which crimes have the highest annual victim costs. Three of the following crimes have the highest annual victim costs. Which one does NOT belong? a. Assault b. Arson c. Rape d. Murder

b. Arson

Which of the following legal defenses was used successfully by Amy Carter, daughter of former President Jimmy Carter, Jerry Rubin, and other activists who were charged with trespassing for protesting apartheid on the property of the South African embassy in Washington, D.C.? a. under age b. insanity c. necessity d. entrapment

c. necessity

A(n) _______ is any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances. a. law b. moral c. norm d. ethic

c. norm

A(n) _______ is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an adult, such as truancy or running away from home. a. index offense b. hate crime c. status offense d. bias crime

c. status offense

The National Crime Victimization Survey was formerly called: a. Criminal Victimization in the United State. b. the Uniform Crime Report c. the National Crime Surveys d. Crime in the United States

c. the National Crime Surveys

Which of the following tests of insanity did attorneys for Lorena Bobbitt, who sliced off her husband's penis with a kitchen knife while he was sleeping, successfully employ in a 1994 Virginia trial? a. the substantial capacity test of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code b. the M'Naghten rule c. the irresistible impulse or control test d. Durham's rule

c. the irresistible impulse or control test

If a person does not want to commit a crime but is forced to do so against his or her will, he or she committed the crime: a. in defense of a third part b. in entrapment c. under duress d. in self-defense

c. under duress

In 2009, the Uniform Crime Reports reports that the police were able to clear _________% of property crimes: a. 12.4 b. 47.1 c. 66.6 d. 18.6

d. 18.6%

According to official statistics, what percent of all crime committed annually is violent crime? a. 15-25 b. 25-50 c. 1-5 d. 5-15

d. 5-15

The ________ is/are a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States. a. National Crime Victimization Survey b. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) c. self-report crime surveys d. Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

d. Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

For many crime victims, ________ is/are the most burdensome and lasting consequence of their victimization. a. anger b. threats c. medical expenses d. fear

d. fear

Perhaps the most important problem with the M'Naghten rule is that: a. the substantial-capacity test of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code is identical. b. the irresistible-impulse or control test is generally considered outdated. c. it does not distinguish reliably between behavior that is uncontrollable and behavior that is simply uncontrolled. d. it does not address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right and wrong but nevertheless was unable to control his or her actions.

d. it does not address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right and wrong but nevertheless was unable to control his or her actions.

To date, most self-report crime surveys conducted in the United States have been administered to: a. defendants b. victims of hate crimes c. victims of violent crimes d. school children

d. school children

Which of the following sets of characteristics best describes the typical arrestee in 2009? a. young, female, black b. young, male, black c. young, female, white d. young, male, white

d. young, male, white

The major advantage of a social definition of crime, at least on the surface, is that it is narrower and less ambiguous than a legal definition of crime. True False

False

In general, norms do not change from time to time or from place to place. True False

False

In most jurisdictions, deadly force may be used to protect one's property. True False

False

The further a crime index is from the initial commission of crime, the more accurate it is as a measure of the true amount of crime. True False

False

Approximately what percent of murders and nonnegligent manslaughters do the police "clear" each year? a. 66 b. 50 c. 15 d. 25

a. 66

Three of the following are reasons that explain the inaccuracy of official crime statistics. Which one does NOT belong? a. They only include respondents who have been victimized within the last 12 months. b. Crimes that are reported to the police may not be officially recorded by them, for various reasons, or may be inaccurately recorded. c. Some crimes may not be reported to the police. d. A large proportion of crimes is undetected.

a. They only include respondents who have been victimized within the last 12 months.

Survey results discussed in your text suggest that there is a greater fear of being _______ than there is of being ________. a. a crime victim in general; the victim of a specific crime b. the victim of a property crime; the victim of a violent crime c. the victim of burglaries when one is not home; the victim of sexual assault d. the victim of sexual assault; a crime victim in general

a. a crime victim in general; the victim of a specific crime

Which of the following is a reason why victims fail to report crimes? a. all choices are correct. b. may hope to avoid embarrassing the offender c. may be intimidated by or afraid of the offender d. may consider the crime insignificant and not worth reporting

a. all choices are correct.

Any record of crimes—such as offenses known to the police, arrests, convictions, or commitments to prison—can be considered a _______, or an estimate of crimes committed. a. crime index b. dark figure of crime c. crime rate d. true amount of crime

a. crime index

What is the Latin term for crimes that are "wrong in themselves"; crimes characterized by universality and timelessness? a. mala prohibita b. mala in se c. mala au gratin d. crimenindvidualis

b. mala in se

Most legal excuses for criminal responsibility are based on the belief that certain offenders lack the capacity or competence or have diminished capacity or competence to form: (30) a. actus rea b. mens rea c. legality d. mala prohibita

b. mens rea

People are generally considered either not responsible or less responsible for their crimes if they are: a. coerced to commit a criminal act. b. all choices are correct c. forced to commit a criminal act. d. entrapped

b. all choices are correct

Which of the following crimes is NOT a uniform crime report Part I offense? a. aggravated assault b. fraud c. motor vehicle theft d. arson

b. fraud

According to a 2009 NIJ study of the costs of crime, which included long-term costs as well as the intangible costs of pain, suffering, and reduced quality of life, what is the annual cost of crime? a. $163 billion b. $1.63 trillion c. $16.3 billion d. $1.63 billion

c. $16.3 billion

In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ______, and the lower limit is usually ______. a. 18;12 b. 16;12 c. 18;17 d. 16;7

c. 18;17

The textbook lists several factors indirectly related to crime that can affect crime rates. Three are listed below. Which of the following was NOT listed in your textbook? a. Police reports for stolen items that are insured b. Changing demographic characteristics c. Family Size d. Urbanization

c. Family Size

Which of the following statements about fear of crime is true? a. Hispanics and blacks are no more fearful than whites of sexual assault of themselves or someone in their household and of being murdered. b. Females are more fearful than males of having their homes burglarized. c. Younger people are more fearful than older people of sexual assault and burglary. d. Fear of being beaten, knifed, or shot and fear of getting mugged decreases with the level of urbanization of the community in which people live.

c. Younger people are more fearful than older people of sexual assault and burglary.

The term _______ refers to criminal conduct—specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm. a. mens rea b. concurrence c. actus reus d. expost facto

c. actus reus

Which of the following is NOT a problem or criticism with a legal definition of crime? a. some behaviors arguably should be prohibited by the criminal law, although they are not b. some behaviors are prohibited by the criminal law but the law is not routinely enforced c. some behaviors are prohibited by the criminal law but, arguably, should not be d. all of the choices are problems or criticisms

d. all of the choices are problems or criticisms

Perhaps the greatest and most important difference between the NIBRS and the UCR is that the NIBRS: a. focuses extensively on victims and the annual costs of victimization b. contains less data on each crime, thus streamlining the study of crime statistics c. asks criminals to report their crime records in extensive detail d. contains more data on each crime, making it possible to examine crimes in much more detail

d. contains more data on each crime, making it possible to examine crimes in much more detail

Which of the following offenses accounted for the largest number of arrests made by the police in 2009? a. simple assault b. larceny theft c. driving under the influence d. drug abuse violations

d. drug abuse violations

One problem with finding an appropriate definition of crime is that: a. most behaviors that are defined as criminal are actually "victimless crimes." b. crime should be defined only by the presence of physical injury to another person. c. too many behaviors exist that could be defined as crimes. d. many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are.

d. many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are.

Crimes that are NOT officially recorded by the police are called: a. a crime index b. crime rates c. the true amount of crime d. the dark figure of crime

d. the dark figure of crime

When an individual commits a crime and claims that he or she committed it under duress, on whom is the burden of proof? a. the judge b. the state c. the victim d. the offender

d. the offender