ch 23 respiratory system
Characteristics are shared among all the bronchi
- the epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cilliate columnar as the bronchi get samaller - a complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage - the amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi derease in diamatere
the right lung has ___ tertiary bronchi and the left has____
10, 8-10
During normal conditions, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries is released to the tissues?
25%
during normal circulation, hemoglobin is _____ saturated in blood entering the lungs
75%
in ventilation-perfusing coupling, bronchodilation occurs under what condition?
Elevated PCO2 in blood
which describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting coniditions?
PO2 of 30 mmhg, PCO2 of 45 mmHG, relatively constant partial pressures
the mucosa of the sinuses can become inflamed in response to ______ or respiratory infections resulting in mucus accumulation in the sinuses
alergies
the smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called
alveolar ducts
the distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated ______
alveolar sac
the involuntary, rhythmic activites that control breathing are located in which part of the CNS?
brainstem
the haldene effect describes the effect of _____ binding to hemoglobin or the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin
carbondioxide
which higher brain areas are known to directly influence breathing rate
cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, limbic system
which chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?
changes in blood pco2, changes in csf ph, changes in blood ph
Because the _____ help produced turbulence, in the inhaled air, in the nasal cavity they are called the "turbinate bones"
conchae
between the superior and middle ___ is the ____ meatus
conchae, superior
carbon dioxide remains ______ during exercise
constant
at the onset of quiet inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure
decreases
HHb is an abbreviation for______
deoxyhemoglobin
which options are major respiratory volumes?
expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, residual volumes
what form the roof of the nasal cavity?
frontal bone, cribiform plate, sphenoid bone, nasal bones
how does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temperatures
hyperventilation may cause a. low partial pressure of carbon dioxide also known as_______
hypocapnia
an increased level of 2,3-bpg in erythrocytes will have a similar effect to which conditions
increased PCO2, decreased PO2, increased temperature
which are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes
increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2, increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF
the pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the ______ pressure
intrapleural
the intrapleural pressure is always _____ than intrapulmonary pressure
less
symptoms of hypoventilation
lethargy, cyanosis, headache
the partial pressure of oxygen is _______ in the pulmonary arteries than in the pulmonary veins
lower
the oxygen saturation curve is steeper at ____ partial pressure of oxygen. this means_____ oxygen unbinds from hemoglobin when blood flows into the systemic tissues
lower, more
which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?
lowered temperature, elevated ph, lowered PCO2
the greatest amount of air that can be taken into and expelled from the lungs in one minute is the____
maimum voluntary ventilation
the auditory tubes onnect the nasopharynx to the _____ ear
middle
the dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls the ___ neurons that stimulate the muscles of _____
motor, inspiration
the choanae lead into the
nasopharynx
the dorsal respiratory group is activated during:
normal inhalation and forced inhalation
the _____ receptors are stimulated when airborne molecules are inhaled and dissolved in the mucus covering the ____ olfactory epithelium
olfactory, olfactory
the oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is ______
oxygen reserve
hb02 is abbreviation for
oxyhemoglobin
What bones form the floor of the nasal cavity?
palatine process of the maxillae, horizontal plate of the palatine bone
which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system
pharynx, trachea, primary bronchi
which events are occuring during quiet exhalation?
pleural cavity volume is decreasing
which events happen during quiet inhalation?
pleural cavity volume is increasing, intrapulmonary pressure is falling, the lungs are expanding, intrapleural pressure is decreasing
failure of the left ventricle may cause accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity this condition is called
pleural effusion
an inflammation of the pleural membranes is known as
pleurisy
at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into right and left _____
primary bronchi
which are considered part of anatomic dead space
primary bronchi, secondary and tertiary bronchi, trachea
alveolar type II cells secreate
pulmonary surfactant
the process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called?
pulmonary ventilation
which are effects of emphysema
reduced number of alveoli, increased lung compliance, reduced respiratory surface area
the _____ muscles increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation
scalene
a lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is ______ fluid
serous
which signals are thought to trigger hyperpnea during exercise?
signals from proprioceptors, conscious anticipation of exercise, motor output from the cerebral cortex
in hemoglobin the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is....
the cooperative binding effect
in no other forces were acting on the lungs they would collapse. what is the reason?
the elastic tissue of the lung
which events are occurring during quiet inhalation?
the lungs are expanding, intrapleural pressure is decreasing, intrapulmonary pressure is falling, pleural cavity volume is increasing
the lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse what is the reason
the negative intrapleural pressure relative to the ntrapulmonary pressure
alveolar ventilation is different from pulmonary ventilation, why?
the ventilation of anatomic dead space reduces the ventilation of the alveoli
what prevents small bronchioles from collapsing
their small diameter
pulmonary ventilation = respiration rate x ____
tidal volume
which options are major respiratory volumes
tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, residual volume
true or false: central chemoreceptors can only monitor ph changed produced in PCO2
true
near the vestibule of the nose are coarse hairs called
vibrissae