ch 23 respiratory system

Characteristics are shared among all the bronchi

- the epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cilliate columnar as the bronchi get samaller - a complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage - the amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi derease in diamatere

the right lung has ___ tertiary bronchi and the left has____

10, 8-10

During normal conditions, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries is released to the tissues?

25%

during normal circulation, hemoglobin is _____ saturated in blood entering the lungs

75%

in ventilation-perfusing coupling, bronchodilation occurs under what condition?

Elevated PCO2 in blood

which describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting coniditions?

PO2 of 30 mmhg, PCO2 of 45 mmHG, relatively constant partial pressures

the mucosa of the sinuses can become inflamed in response to ______ or respiratory infections resulting in mucus accumulation in the sinuses

alergies

the smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called

alveolar ducts

the distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated ______

alveolar sac

the involuntary, rhythmic activites that control breathing are located in which part of the CNS?

brainstem

the haldene effect describes the effect of _____ binding to hemoglobin or the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin

carbondioxide

which higher brain areas are known to directly influence breathing rate

cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, limbic system

which chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?

changes in blood pco2, changes in csf ph, changes in blood ph

Because the _____ help produced turbulence, in the inhaled air, in the nasal cavity they are called the "turbinate bones"

conchae

between the superior and middle ___ is the ____ meatus

conchae, superior

carbon dioxide remains ______ during exercise

constant

at the onset of quiet inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure

decreases

HHb is an abbreviation for______

deoxyhemoglobin

which options are major respiratory volumes?

expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, residual volumes

what form the roof of the nasal cavity?

frontal bone, cribiform plate, sphenoid bone, nasal bones

how does temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temperatures

hyperventilation may cause a. low partial pressure of carbon dioxide also known as_______

hypocapnia

an increased level of 2,3-bpg in erythrocytes will have a similar effect to which conditions

increased PCO2, decreased PO2, increased temperature

which are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes

increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2, increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF

the pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the ______ pressure

intrapleural

the intrapleural pressure is always _____ than intrapulmonary pressure

less

symptoms of hypoventilation

lethargy, cyanosis, headache

the partial pressure of oxygen is _______ in the pulmonary arteries than in the pulmonary veins

lower

the oxygen saturation curve is steeper at ____ partial pressure of oxygen. this means_____ oxygen unbinds from hemoglobin when blood flows into the systemic tissues

lower, more

which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?

lowered temperature, elevated ph, lowered PCO2

the greatest amount of air that can be taken into and expelled from the lungs in one minute is the____

maimum voluntary ventilation

the auditory tubes onnect the nasopharynx to the _____ ear

middle

the dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls the ___ neurons that stimulate the muscles of _____

motor, inspiration

the choanae lead into the

nasopharynx

the dorsal respiratory group is activated during:

normal inhalation and forced inhalation

the _____ receptors are stimulated when airborne molecules are inhaled and dissolved in the mucus covering the ____ olfactory epithelium

olfactory, olfactory

the oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is ______

oxygen reserve

hb02 is abbreviation for

oxyhemoglobin

What bones form the floor of the nasal cavity?

palatine process of the maxillae, horizontal plate of the palatine bone

which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system

pharynx, trachea, primary bronchi

which events are occuring during quiet exhalation?

pleural cavity volume is decreasing

which events happen during quiet inhalation?

pleural cavity volume is increasing, intrapulmonary pressure is falling, the lungs are expanding, intrapleural pressure is decreasing

failure of the left ventricle may cause accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity this condition is called

pleural effusion

an inflammation of the pleural membranes is known as

pleurisy

at the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into right and left _____

primary bronchi

which are considered part of anatomic dead space

primary bronchi, secondary and tertiary bronchi, trachea

alveolar type II cells secreate

pulmonary surfactant

the process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called?

pulmonary ventilation

which are effects of emphysema

reduced number of alveoli, increased lung compliance, reduced respiratory surface area

the _____ muscles increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation

scalene

a lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is ______ fluid

serous

which signals are thought to trigger hyperpnea during exercise?

signals from proprioceptors, conscious anticipation of exercise, motor output from the cerebral cortex

in hemoglobin the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is....

the cooperative binding effect

in no other forces were acting on the lungs they would collapse. what is the reason?

the elastic tissue of the lung

which events are occurring during quiet inhalation?

the lungs are expanding, intrapleural pressure is decreasing, intrapulmonary pressure is falling, pleural cavity volume is increasing

the lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse what is the reason

the negative intrapleural pressure relative to the ntrapulmonary pressure

alveolar ventilation is different from pulmonary ventilation, why?

the ventilation of anatomic dead space reduces the ventilation of the alveoli

what prevents small bronchioles from collapsing

their small diameter

pulmonary ventilation = respiration rate x ____

tidal volume

which options are major respiratory volumes

tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, residual volume

true or false: central chemoreceptors can only monitor ph changed produced in PCO2

true

near the vestibule of the nose are coarse hairs called

vibrissae