Ch. 27: World War II
Lateran Agreement
1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support of the pope
Great Purge
1936-1938 USSR under Stalin- series of spectacular public show trials in which false evidence gathered through torture, was used to incriminate party administrators and Red Army leaders Aug 1936- 16 Old Bolsheviks confessed to all manner of contrived plots against Stalin all executed 6 million people were arrested - 1 to 2 million were executed or never returned from prisons/forced-labor camps
Battle of Stalingrad
1942 downfall of German and Soviet fighting, Soviets surrounded and destroyed entire German Sixth Army of 300,000 men by January 1943 only 123,000 men were left to surrender Hitler refused to allow retreat- suffered defeat-German public now against the war Soviets were no on the offensive pushing the Germans back Major turning point on eastern front
Czech and Austria/Sudetenland
2 states obtained by Nazi's prior to Poland invasion on September
Munich Crisis of 1938, Mussolini, Jews
3 of Hitler's scapegoats- why he lost the war
National Socialism
A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism- led by Hitler, adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945
Fascism
A movement characterized by extreme expansionist nationalism, anti-socialism, a dynamic and violent leader, glorification of war and military Grounded in racial homogeneity, eugenics Hitler and Mussolini - build new community on national level- racists -materialize on the people's collective will - improve lives of ordinary workers- intervene with government -not on level our class differences and nationalize private property but to nationalism
Volksgemeinschaft
A people's community for racially pure Germans
Five Year Plan
A plan launched by Stalin in 1928, termed revolution from above Aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and new socialist humanity Reestablish end limited economic freedom to rebuild agriculture and industry, very successful, compromise with peasants essentially, he wasn't strong enough to take away their land and turn them into state workers
Eugenics
A pseudoscientific doctrine that maintains that the selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characteristics of national population, helped inspire Nazi ideas about race and space and Holocaust
Totalitarianism
A radical dictatorship that exercises total claims over teh beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society
Enabling Acts
Act pushed through the Reichstag by Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years
Grand Alliance
Alliance in WWII that were against the advance of fascism - Great Britain, United States, and Soviet Union
Axis Powers
Alliance in WWII- for the advance of fascism- Germany, Italy, Japan
Encourage mutual trust among Allies
Allies adopted principle of unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to...
Stalinism
Based off of Marx, state aggressively intervened in all ways of life to pursue social leveling- uses brute force to destroy the upper and middle classes, nationalize private property, pushed rapid industrialization, collectivized agriculture
Pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland
Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with threat of war when he ..
Appeasement
British policy towards Germany prior to WWII that aimed at granting Hitler whatever he wanted: including western Czechoslovakia in order to avoid war ---basically dictated French policy, motivated in large party by pacifism of a population still horrified by memory of WWI
Arthur Neville Chamberlain
British prime minister agreed with HItler that Germany should immediately take of the Sudetenland Had secured peace and honor, peace for our time
Hitler
Dictator of Germany, led Nazis - grew up in Austria- very anti-Semitism neighborhood Social Darwinism - superiority of German races Heartbroken over loss of WWI
Collectivization of Agriculture
Forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state-controlled enterprises in Soviet Union under Stalin Peasants compelled to move off their small plots onto large state-run farms- tools, livestock, adn produce would be held in common, central planners could control the work Led to disaster- large number of peasants opposed change- burned crops and slaughtered animals
Heinrich Bruning
German chancellor prior Hitler- tried to overcome the economic crisis of Great Depression by cutting back government spending and forcing down forced prices and wages- intensifying Germany's economic collapse and convinced many voters that the courntry's republican leaders were stupid and corrupt
Reichstag
German parliament
Europe First
Grand Alliance policy only after Hitler was defeated would Allies go on an all out attack on Japan, the lesser threat Concentrate on military needs, postponing eventual peace settlement
Term of Unconditional Surrender of Germany and Japan
Grand Alliance policy, denied Hitler any hope of dividing his foes, increased mutual trust, meant Soviet and Anglo-American armies would be forced to invade adn occupy all of Germany- Japan would fight til bitter end
Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler inspired by Mussolini, organized an armed uprising in Munich- failure of poorly planned coup and resulted in Hitler's arrest
New Order
Hitler's program based on racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordin people's, the French,a don inferior Latin people occupied a middle position; and Slavs, Jews were treated as humans Based on Nazi, racial imperialism, people treated according to place on hierarchy- all subject to harsh ethnic cleansing, plunder of resources for Nazi war effort
Primo Levi
Holocaust survivor "gray zone" of moral compromise- defined everyday life in totalitarian societies
Cutting gov spending, squeezing wages and prices
How did German chancellor Heinrich Bruning try to cope with the Great Depression in early 1930s
Big business to regulate itself, never purge members
How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy?
Mass organizations like Hiterl Youth, mass rallies
How did Nazi party seek to promote idea of Volkgemeinschaft
Puppet government with collaborators willing to rule states as Germans
How did Nazi's manage the Northern European states that they conquered
Lower
How did real wages for works and peasants in Soviet Union 1937 compare with those in Russian Empire in 1913?
Research institutes to measure adn define racial differences in order to present prejudice in form of enlightened science
How did the Nazi's seek to legitimize their racial policies
Deemphasized anti-capitalist elements of Nazi, vowed to fight communism
Hwo did Hitler shape the Nazi Party message to appeal to middle-class voters?
Anyone of alien blood (Jews) were automatically excluded from Reich citizenship
In the "Reich Citizenship Law" what did the Official commentary on teh Reich citizenship law emphasize?
Benito Mussolini
Italian dictator of the Fascists Sworn enemy of socialism- Black Shirts- anti-communist speeches
Pearl Harbor
Japanese surprise attack on US fleet base in Hawaiian Islands- December 7, 1941 - Japanese sank or crippled every American battleship- but all American aircraft carriers were at sea, escaping damage, brought America into the war
Battle of Britain
July 1940- 1000 German planes a day attacked British airfields, key factories- dueling with GB defenders high in the sky - Hitler was trying to gain dominance over the air Sept 1940 started bombing cities to break morale Only increased aircraft produciton
New Economic Policy
Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in face of economic disintegration
Blitzkrieg
Lightning war- how Hitler defeated Poland - went after Denmark, Norway, Holland
Victor Emmanuel III
March on Rome King of Italy, no love for liberal regime, asked Mussolini to take over the government and form a new cabinet
Heinrich Himmler
Methodical, ruthless leader of the SS, took over the political police and concentration camp system
Cult of the duce
Mussolini propaganda promoting as a powerful strongman who embodied best qualities of Italian people
Black Shirts
Mussolini's private militia- destroyed Socialist party newspapers, union halls, local headquarters with few people killed- pushed Socialists out of city government in northern Italy
Aryanization
Named after the master race= prized by Nazis for pure German blood= began replacing Jewish jobs
Einsatzgruppen
Nazi Special Task Forces- military death squads- moved form town to town shooting Jews and other targeted races Victims were told to first dig their own grave then shot into the grave Murdered 2 million civilians
Albert Speer
Nazi minister of armaments put to work millions of prisoners of war and slave laborers form across occupied Europe- tripling German war production despite the heavy bombing
Coordination
Nazi policy, forced existing institutions to conform to Nazi ideology
Kristallnacht
Night of the Broken Glass- Nazi gangs smashed windows and looted over 7,000 Jewish owned shops, homes, synagogues,killed dozens German Jews were rounded up and forced to pay for damages
March on Rome
October 1922, a band of armed Fascists threatened the king of Italy and forced him to appoint Mussolini prime minister of Italy
Battle of El-Alamein
October November 1942- British forces decisively defeated combined German and Italian armies and halted Axis penetration of North Africa HINGE OF FATE - turning point on African front
Polish Home Army
Polish resistance to Nazis, underground, led by government in exile in London, passed intelligence about German operations to Allies adn committed sabotage
Old Bolsheviks
Prominent leaders who had been in the party since Russian Revolution- 16 were executed by Stalin
SA Storm Trooper
Quasi military band of 3 million toughs in brown shirts who had fought communists and beaten up Jews before Nazi took power- expected high positions in army- HitlerHitler executed killed some
Leon Trotsky
Russian contender for successor of Lenin, great inspiring leader who planned the Bolshevik takeover, created the Red Army, permanent revoluiton
Joseph Stalin
Russian totalitarian, leader of Soviet Union after Lenin consolidated his power and eliminated his enemies in 1920s- leader of Communist Party 5 Year Plan "revolution from above" - generate new attitudes, loyalties, new socialist humanity- constant propaganda, sacrifice by the people - harsh repression, purges, executions--rewards to those who followed party line Name means steel in Russian- won over Trotsky because more effective at gaining all important support of the party Socialism in teh country vs. revolution
Economic superiority, air supremacy, will to fight, ratio of service men to soldiers
Some reasons why the allies won
Vladmir Lenin
Soviet Leader, won the Russian civil war, land was devastated, he put down the Kronstadt rebels in 1921, replaced war communism with New Economic policy Died without an established heir - created an intense struggle for power in inner circles of Communist Power
Gosplan
Soviet, State planning commission- created to set production goals and control deliveries of raw and finished materials
Holocaust
Systematic effort of Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and other groups deemed racially inferior during WWII
Hiroshima
Target of the first of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945
Kulaks
The better off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms- many of them starved or were deported to forced labor camps for re-education Called great enemy of progress
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
US President during WWII, Pearl Harbor
Winston Churchill
Uncompromising British leader during WWII, Battle of Britain Formed Grand Alliances
Normandy
Under General Eisenhower, history's greatest naval invasion- 100 dramatic days, more than 2 million men and almost half a million vehicles broke through the German lines and pushed inland Rejected proposals to strike straight at Berlin in massive attack- moved forward caustiously on a broad front
Ghetto
Urban districts that Jews were forced to move- walled off areas in cities- most important were in Warsaw and Lodz- hundred of thousands of Polish Jews lived in crowded, unsanitary conditions without real work or adequate sustenance 500,000 died
Marshal Henri- Philippe Petain
WWI French general , formed a new French government the Vichy regime, adopted many aspects of Nazi ideology and willingly placed French Jews in hands of Nazis
Engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with unified people
What characteristics did Communits and fascist dictatorships share?
Loss of air supremacy
What does Karl Koller credit the German loss to?
Gross domestic product
What does Raymond Goldsmith claim won the war for the allies?
Race and space
What was Hitler's idea of lebensraum
Forced German society to conform to Nazi ideology
What was Nazi Party policy of coordination?
Hitler denied increase in Air Force, so he could focus on Soviet battle
What was Number 39?
Encouraged peasants to sell surpluses in free market, private traders and small manufacturers to do business
What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy?
British policy to give Hitler whatever to avoid war
What was the practice of 1930 appeasement?
Hitler dictatorial power for 4 years
What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933
Murdered Germans with physical/mental disabilities prior to war
Where did Nazi administrators gain experience in mass murder?
Stalingrad
Which battle was decisive turning point in clash between Soviet Union and Germany
Neville Chamberlain
Which leader becomes embodiment of appeasement?
Himself
Who seems to be the only person not blamed by Hitler?
Luftwaffe chief of staff
Who was Karl Koller
Win support of traditional military, but SA leaders expected appointment to top positions in army
Why did Hitler have leadership o ft he SA storm troopers killed?
Can't buy victory, fighting force wins
Why doesn't gross domestic product predict war victories?