Ch. 6 Panic, Anxiety, Obsession, & their disorders

Prevalence of social anxiety

12% of the general popoulation

Prevalence of specific phobia

12% of the general population

Prevalence of BDD

2%

Prevalence of OCD

2-3% lifetime

Prevalence of hoarding

3-5% 10-40% are diagnosed with OCD

prevalence of panic disorder

4.7% lifetime of adults

Prevalence of GAD

5.7% lifetime

Fear

A basic emotion that involves the activation of the "fight-or-flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system.

amygdala

A collection of nuclei that are almond shaped and that lie in front of the hippocampus in the limbic system of the brain. It is involved in the regulation of emotion and is critically involved in the emotion of fear.

Anxiety

A general feeling of apprehension about possible danger.

Exposure and Response prevention

A method of treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder that combines intense exposure of the patient to feared conditions and then they are asked not to respond by engaging in their usual rituals to the feared stimuli.

Hoarding Disorder

A new DSM-5 diagnosis characterized by long-standing difficulties discarding possessions, even those of little value

Exposure therapy

A technique in psychological treatment of anxiety disorders that involves exposing the patient to the feared object or context without any danger in order to overcome the anxiety.

Although traditionally thought of as a symptom of OCD, hoarding was added as a new disorder in the DSM-5. Which of the following pieces of evidence likely influenced this decision? A) Treatments that reduce OCD symptoms do not seem to reduce hoarding symptoms. B) Between 10 and 40 percent of people with OCD also engage in compulsive hoarding. C) People with OCD tend to demonstrate poorer prognosis than people with hoarding symptoms. D) People engaging in compulsive hoarding tend to be less occupationally and socially disabled than people with OCD.

A) Treatments that reduce OCD symptoms do not seem to reduce hoarding symptoms.

The effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on generalized anxiety disorder seem to be influenced by CRH's influence on a part of the brain called the __________, which has an important influence on one's ability to mediate generalized anxiety. A) bed nucleus of the stria terminalis B) anterior fissure of the putamen C) bilateral corpus callosal junction D) lateral geniculate nucleus of the limbic system

A) bed nucleus of the stria terminalis ("extension of the amygdala)

Results of a large study of children with parents with an emotional disorder found that those high on __________ between 2 and 6 years of age were nearly three times more likely to be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder than were children low on this trait. A) behavioral inhibition B) neuroticism C) introversion D) dependence

A) behavioral inhibition (neuroticism and introversion)

Which theory of panic proposes that people who are hypersensitive to bodily sensations, and who interpret those sensations in a catastrophic manner, are more prone to developing panic disorder? A) cognitive theory of panic B) Developmental theory of panic C) comprehensive learning theory of panic D) biological theory of panic

A) cognitive theory of panic

Which of the following parts of the body is the most frequent target of concern for people with body dysmorphic disorder? A) skin B) nose C) stomach D) breasts/chest/nipples

A) skin

Anxiety disorder

An unrealistic, irrational fear or anxiety of disabling intensity. DSM-5 recognizes 11 types of anxiety disorders: specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder due to a medical condition, other specified anxiety disorder, and unspecified anxiety disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent intrusion of unwanted and intrusive thoughts or distressing images; these are usually accompanied by compulsive behaviors designed to neutralize the obsessive thoughts or images or to prevent some dreaded event or situation.

Which of the following statements accurately describes research findings involving anxiety disorders? A) Approximately 38 percent of the U.S. population will experience an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. B) Anxiety disorders have the earliest age of onset of all mental disorders. C) People with anxiety disorders are the least likely to tap into medical services. D) Among the adult population, approximately 25 percent suffer from at least one anxiety disorder in any twelve-month period.

B) Anxiety disorders have the earliest age of onset of all mental disorders.

Which of the following statements is correct in regard to the role of cognitions in panic? A) Cognitive therapy is less effective than emotive therapy for panic disorder. B) Panic clients are more likely to interpret bodily sensations as catastrophic events. C) Panic can be prevented in a panic provocation study by explaining what will happen. D) Only individuals who tend to catastrophize develop panic disorder.

B) Panic clients are more likely to interpret bodily sensations as catastrophic events.

Mrs. Belshy tells her psychologist, "I cannot leave a certain region around my home without having terrible fears. I am extremely worried when I am in a car or a bus. I am afraid I will have another one of those terrifying experiences." What disorder does Mrs. Belshy probably have and what experience is she talking about? A) The disorder is obsessive-compulsive disorder, the experience is an obsession. B) The disorder is agoraphobia, the experience is a panic attack. C) The disorder is specific phobia, the experience is a panic attack. D) The disorder is generalized anxiety disorder, the experience is anxiety.

B) The disorder is agoraphobia, the experience is a panic attack.

Which of the following is considered to be an anxiety disorder in the DSM-5? A) Schizo B) agoraphobia C) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder D) Bipolar I disorder

B) agoraphobia

Individuals with social phobia are likely to ________ A) attribute negative life events to internal, global, and stable factors. B) attribute events in their lives to external factors. C) have been raised in a permissive environment. D) be aggressive

B) attribute events in their lives to external factors.

Which type of anxiety disorder is marked by a persistent and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger? A) OCD B) specific phobia C) panic disorder D) GAD

B) specific phobia

Unlike in the United States, the sources of worry in GAD seem to vary across cultures. For example, in Yoruba, __________. A) financial security B) worries center on creating and maintaining a large family C) getting a good job D) familial illness

B) worries center on creating and maintaining a large family

One of the main problems with the worry in GAD is that ______________. A) keeps people distracted from what is really bothering them B) increases the effects of operant conditioning on fears C) is a form of avoidance of deeper emotional issues and prevents extinction D) keeps people with the disorder feeling happier than if they didn't worry

C) is a form of avoidance of deeper emotional issues and prevents extinction

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Chronic excessive worry about a number of events or activities, with no specific threat present, accompanied by at least three of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance.

Cognitive Restructuring

Cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques that aim to change a person's negative or unrealistic thoughts and attributions.

Which of the following anxiety response components involves general avoidance of an upsetting stimulus? A)subjective B)Physiological C) Cognitive D) Behavioral

D) Behavioral

What has research repeatedly found to be the best way of treating a specific phobia? A) Gestalt Therapy B) Pharmacotherapy C) Psychoanalysis D) Exposure Therapy

D) Exposure Therapy

Ruth, age 72, is visiting the office of a psychotherapist to deal with some recent problems related to anxiety. Given the rates of anxiety disorders in older adults, which of the following is she most likely to be dealing with? A) agoraphobia B) social anxiety C) panic disorder D) generalized anxiety disorder

D) GAD

Which of the following is a true statement about Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance learning? A) It does not account for the effectiveness of extinction procedures in the treatment of OCD. B) While it suggests mechanisms for the development of GAD, it does not account for the development of panic disorder and OCD. C) It provides an explanation for the development of all anxiety disorders. D) It has not been helpful in explaining why people with OCD develop obsessions in the first place and why some people never develop compulsive behaviors.

D) It has not been helpful in explaining why people with OCD develop obsessions in the first place and why some people never develop compulsive behaviors.

__________ conditioning can be used to explain that the development of a phobia is transmitted when one person observes another person behaving in a phobic manner and then adopts that same fear of the stimulus. A) Dispositional B) Operant C) Classical D) Vicarious

D) Vicarious (experienced in the imagination through the feelings or actions of another person)

Which of the following most accurately describes outcomes of using D-cycloserine in the treatment of specific phobias? A) D-cycloserine is effective in reducing symptoms of specific phobias on its own. B) When used alongside exposure therapy, D-cycloserine decreases the effectiveness of treatment. C) D-cycloserine has no beneficial effects in the treatment of specific phobias. D) When used alongside exposure therapy, D-cycloserine enhances the treatment of specific phobias.

D) When used alongside exposure therapy, D-cycloserine enhances the treatment of specific phobias.

Although it does not always occur, __________ is a frequent complication of panic disorder. A) hoarding disorder B) social anxiety disorder C) Generalized anxiety disorder D) agoraphobia

D) agoraphobia (outside of the comforts of their home, more likely to experience stressors)

People with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) sometimes believe that the high amount of worry associated with the disorder brings certain benefits. Which of the following is a benefit some believe to be associated with GAD? A) increased longevity B) ability to fend off panic attacks and physical ailments C) financial success brought about by fear of spending money D) avoidance of catastrophe

D) avoidance of catastrophe

Jennifer has a very unusual problem. She feels compelled to pull out her own hair, both the hair on her head as well as hair on different parts of her body. This has led to embarrassing bald spots, skin irritations, and occasional bleeding in the past. Jennifer is now in treatment for __________. A) BDD B) OCD C) excoriation disorder D) trichotillomania

D) trichotillomania

Exposure to which two factors seems to play an important role in the development of social anxiety? A) Depression and mania B) aggression and assertion C) conflict and frustration D) uncontrollability and unpredicability

D) uncontrollability and unpredictability

Unlike in the United States, the sources of worry in GAD seem to vary across cultures. For example, in Yoruba, __________. A) getting a good job B) financial security C) familial illness D) worries center on creating and maintaining a large family

D) worries center on creating and maintaining a large family

Compulsions

Overt repetitive behaviors (such as hand washing or checking) or more covert mental acts (such as counting, praying, saying certain words silently, or ordering) that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.

Blood-injection-injury phobia

Persistent and disproportionate fear of the sight of blood or injury, or the possibility of having an injection. Afflicted persons are likely to experience a drop in blood pressure and sometimes faint.

prepared learning

The view that people are biologically prepared through evolution to more readily acquire fears of certain objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to our early ancestors. For example, people more readily develop fears of snakes and spiders if they are paired with aversive events, than they develop fears of knives or guns.

Interoceptive Conditoning

This term refers to a learning process that is similar to classic conditioning. It involves two conditioned stimuli and one unconditioned response.

Anxiety Sensitivity

a personality trait involving a high level of belief that certain bodily symptoms may have harmful consequences

Panic Attack

a severe, intense fear response that appears to come out of the blue; it has many physical and cognitive symptoms such as fear of dying or losing control

panic provocation procedures

a variety of biological challenge procedures that provoke panic attacks at higher rates in people with panic disorder than in people without panic disorder

Trichotillomania

chronic pulling out of one's own hair.

Agoraphobia

fear of being in places or situations where a panic attack may occur and from which escape would be physically difficult or psychologically embarrassing, or in which immediate help would be unavailable in the event that some mishap occurred

Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)

fear of situations in which a person might be exposed to the scrutiny of others and fear of acting in a humiliating or embarrassing way.

Exteroceptive Conditioning

modifying the perception of environmental stimuli acting on the body

comorbidity rate of those with social anxiety

nearly 2/3 suffer from another form of anxiety 50% suffer from a depressive disorder at the same time 1/3 abuse alcohol

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

obsession with some perceived flaw or flaws in one's appearance.

Panic Disorder

occurrence of repeated unexpected panic attacks, often accompanied by intense anxiety about having another one

Phobia

persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents little or no acutal danger

Obsessions

persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that a person experiences as disturbing and inappropriate but has difficulty suppressing

Specific Phobia

persistent or disproportionate fears of various objects, places, or situations, such as fear of situations (airplanes or elevators), other species (snakes, spiders), or aspects of the environment (high places, water).