Ch.3
Expectant mothers can avoid toxoplasmosis by A) making sure the vegetables they eat are clean. B) avoiding exposure to X-rays. C) avoiding eating swordfish. D) making sure that the meat they eat is well-cooked.
D) making sure that the meat they eat is well-cooked.
During the third month of pregnancy, A) the fetus can suck its thumb. B) tiny buds become arms, legs, fingers, and toes. C) neuron production begins. D) the eyes, ears, and nose form.
A) the fetus can suck its thumb.
The __________ becomes the new organism. A) embryonic disk B) trophoblast C) amnion D) chorion
A) embryonic disk
Tiny fingerlike villi A) emerge from the chorion. B) become the skin. C) become the nervous system. D) develop the skeleton.
A) emerge from the chorion.
In the final three months of pregnancy, the fetus A) gains more than 5 pounds and grows 7 inches. B) spends the majority of the day awake. C) assumes a right-side-up position. D) gains less than 2 pounds and grows less than 3 inches.
A) gains more than 5 pounds and grows 7 inches.
More often than in the past, couples today A) get divorced before their childbearing plans are complete. B) are confident about their readiness for parenthood. C) bring children into stable marriages. D) have their first child before the age of 25.
A) get divorced before their childbearing plans are complete.
Dimitri was very active in the third trimester. As a 1-year-old, he will probably A) handle frustration well. B) be very fearful. C) refuse to interact with unfamiliar adults. D) be easily frustrated.
A) handle frustration well.
Stress-related prenatal complications are greatly reduced when mothers A) have partners and friends who offer social support. B) take a low dose of antianxiety medication during pregnancy. C) take a folic acid supplement during pregnancy. D) are placed on bed rest during the third trimester.
A) have partners and friends who offer social support.
High doses of caffeine during pregnancy A) increase the risk of low birth weight. B) is only safe during the first trimester. C) can result in gross fetal abnormalities. D) is linked to respiratory distress in childbirth.
A) increase the risk of low birth weight.
The harm done by teratogens A) is not always simple and straightforward. B) always creates a monstrosity or malformation. C) is never subtle. D) can rarely be prevented.
A) is not always simple and straightforward.
At the beginning of the period of the embryo, the __________ system develops fastest. A) nervous B) circulatory C) digestive D) skeletal
A) nervous
The most important preparation for parenthood A) takes place in the context of the parents' relationship. B) is having a positive relationship with one's own parents. C) involves attending prenatal classes. D) is having support from extended family.
A) takes place in the context of the parents' relationship.
Which of the following mothers is most likely to receive inadequate prenatal care? A) Harriet, a 16-year-old African American B) Marissa, a 25-year-old Caucasian American C) Rachel, a 32-year-old Caucasian American D) Janette, a 40-year-old Hispanic American
A) Harriet, a 16-year-old African American
__________ is safe to drink during pregnancy. A) No amount of alcohol B) One alcoholic beverage per day C) Three to five alcoholic beverages per week D) A few alcoholic beverages per month
A) No amount of alcohol
Which of the following statements about HIV and AIDS is true? A) Untreated HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the virus to the developing organism 10 to 20 percent of the time. B) About 15 to 25 percent of prenatal AIDS babies die by 1 year of age. C) There are no available drug therapies that reduce prenatal AIDS transmission without harmful consequences. D) AIDS progresses very slowly in infants, and rarely leads to death.
A) Untreated HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the virus to the developing organism 10 to 20 percent of the time.
From the twentieth week until birth, A) brain weight increases tenfold. B) glial cells decrease at a rapid rate. C) the fetus is viable. D) brain growth slows.
A) brain weight increases tenfold.
During the period of the fetus, the A) developing organism increases rapidly in size. B) most rapid prenatal changes take place. C) heart begins to pump blood. D) brain is formed.
A) developing organism increases rapidly in size.
The __________ becomes the nervous system. A) ectoderm B) mesoderm C) endoderm D) trophoblast
A) ectoderm
A severe famine in the Netherlands during World War II revealed that A) the sensitive-period concept operates with nutrition. B) malnutrition during the first trimester is not associated with miscarriage. C) malnutrition during the second trimester is associated with large head size. D) malnutrition during the third trimester is associated with physical defects.
A) the sensitive-period concept operates with nutrition.
When asked about the advantages of parenthood, Americans and Europeans most often cite A) the warm, affectionate relationship that children provide. B) having a source of financial support in later life. C) the sense of future continuity. D) the opportunity to deepen their marital relationship.
A) the warm, affectionate relationship that children provide.
The germinal period lasts A) for about 13 weeks, or a trimester. B) from fertilization to implantation. C) for about 6 weeks. D) from conception to fertilization.
B) from fertilization to implantation.
In later pregnancy, a diabetic mother's excess blood glucose causes the fetus to A) lose weight. B) grow unusually large. C) secrete abnormally low levels of insulin. D) develop chromosomal abnormalities.
B) grow unusually large.
Mateo was born prematurely to Yvonne, a cocaine addict. Mateo's caregivers can expect that A) he will have high blood pressure. B) his cries will be abnormally shrill and piercing. C) he will overcome the harmful effects of drug exposure by age 3. D) his motor development will be especially rapid during the first year.
B) his cries will be abnormally shrill and piercing.
Which of the following statements about radiation exposure during pregnancy is true? A) Low-level radiation from medical X-rays or industrial leakage is safe. B) Even low-level radiation can increase the risk of childhood cancer. C) The effects of radiation exposure are immediate and apparent. D) Radiation exposure affects physical development, but not cognitive or emotional development.
B) Even low-level radiation can increase the risk of childhood cancer.
Which of the following statements about Rh factor incompatibility is true? A) The damage caused by Rh incompatibility can be avoided if the mother receives a blood transfusion during delivery. B) Rh-positive blood is dominant and Rh-negative blood is recessive, so the chances are good that a baby will be Rh-positive. C) Rh-positive babies are routinely given a vaccine at birth to prevent the buildup of harmful Rh antibodies. D) The harmful effects of Rh incompatibility can be prevented if the newborn is immediately placed on a diet low in phenylalanine.
B) Rh-positive blood is dominant and Rh-negative blood is recessive, so the chances are good that a baby will be Rh-positive.
Dioxin seems to impair the fertility of __________ prior to conception. A) X-bearing ova B) Y-bearing sperm C) X-bearing sperm D) Y-bearing ova
B) Y-bearing sperm
In the eighth month of pregnancy, A) fetal growth doubles. B) a layer of fat is added to assist with temperature regulation. C) most fetuses assume an upright position. D) neurons are produced at a rapid rate.
B) a layer of fat is added to assist with temperature regulation.
Matthew was prenatally exposed to alcohol. His physical growth is typical and he has no facial abnormalities. However, he has impaired motor coordination, attention span, and memory. Matthew was probably born with A) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). B) alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). C) partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS). D) a genetic disorder.
B) alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND).
Research shows that only children __________ children with siblings. A) are more intelligent than B) are as well-adjusted as C) have more emotional problems than D) are less intelligent than
B) are as well-adjusted as
A study involving the fetal heart rate's response to auditory stimuli during the third trimester suggests that fetuses A) cannot hear sounds from the outside world. B) can remember for at least a brief period. C) cannot distinguish between their mother's voice and a stranger's voice. D) cannot distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar melodies.
B) can remember for at least a brief period.
Rh factor incompatibility A) affects Rh-positive mothers. B) can result in infant death. C) cannot be prevented in most cases. D) usually affects firstborn children.
B) can result in infant death.
Beatrice has smoked throughout her pregnancy. Now in her seventh month, Beatrice is considering quitting. You can tell her that A) the damage was already done during the germinal period. B) if she quits now, she reduces the likelihood that her infant will be born underweight. C) the damage was already done during the period of the embryo. D) quitting now will not reduce the likelihood that her infant will have colic.
B) if she quits now, she reduces the likelihood that her infant will be born underweight.
Greater freedom to choose whether, when, and how to have children makes contemporary family planning __________ than it was in the past. A) less challenging B) more intentional C) less important D) more random
B) more intentional
Carmen is prematurely delivering her baby at 28 weeks. The baby will probably A) not survive. B) need oxygen assistance to breathe. C) experience intense pain. D) spend the next few weeks with no periods of alertness.
B) need oxygen assistance to breathe.
The ovum can survive for __________ after it is released into the fallopian tube. A) a couple of hours B) one day C) four days D) six days
B) one day
During the third trimester, A) the fetus spends the majority of the day awake. B) painkillers should be used in any surgical procedures performed on a fetus. C) fetuses can hear bodily noises but not noises that occur outside of the womb. D) higher fetal activity is linked with abnormal neurological development.
B) painkillers should be used in any surgical procedures performed on a fetus.
Following conception, the one-celled __________ multiplies and forms a(n) __________. A) blastocyst; zygote B) blastocyst; embryo C) zygote; blastocyst D) embryo; fetus
C) zygote; blastocyst
Currently, the average number of children per woman of childbearing age is _____ in the United States. A) 3.1 B) 2.7 C) 2.1 D) 1.8
C) 2.1
The age of viability occurs sometime between _____ and _____ weeks. A) 18; 22 B) 20; 24 C) 22; 26 D) 26; 30
C) 22; 26
Marzanne is pregnant and wonders how much weight she should gain. Her doctor will probably recommend that she gain _____ to _____ pounds. A) 10; 15 B) 20; 25 C) 25; 30 D) 30; 35
C) 25; 30
Which of the following statements about birthrate trends between 1970 and 2012 is true? A) The birthrate increased during this period for women 20 to 24 years of age. B) The birthrate decreased during this period for women 25 years of age and older. C) For women in their thirties, the birthrate during this period rose nearly fivefold. D) The greatest decline in the birthrate during this period was for women in their thirties.
C) For women in their thirties, the birthrate during this period rose nearly fivefold.
Which of the following statements about prenatal sensitive periods with respect to teratogens is true? A) The fetal period is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur. B) During the embryonic period, teratogens usually affect the growth of sensory organs, such as the eyes and ears. C) In the germinal period, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact. D) During the fetal period, teratogens have no impact on the developing organism.
C) In the germinal period, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact.
Which of the following statements about research on memory impairments in infants of diabetic mothers is true? A) Prenatal iron depletion interferes with the cerebral cortex, causing long-term learning and academic problems in children of diabetic mothers. B) Damage to the hippocampus is not linked to long-term learning and academic problems in children of diabetic mothers. C) Diabetes-linked prenatal brain damage is linked to short-term memory impairments that can often be reversed with medication. D) As a result of iron depletion in critical brain areas, a diabetic pregnancy places the fetus at risk for lasting memory deficits.
D) As a result of iron depletion in critical brain areas, a diabetic pregnancy places the fetus at risk for lasting memory deficits.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on family size? A) Parental quality declines as new children are born. B) New births lead to an increase in maternal affection toward older siblings. C) Limiting family size increases the chances of having children with high intelligence test scores. D) As new children are born, parents tend to reallocate their energies.
D) As new children are born, parents tend to reallocate their energies.
The __________ and __________ have a long period of sensitivity to teratogens. A) hands; feet B) palate; mouth C) arms; legs D) brain; eyes
D) brain; eyes
Jenna's physical growth is slow. She has short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a flattened philtrum, and brain injury. Jenna's mother probably __________ during pregnancy. A) drank heavily B) smoked cigarettes C) used cocaine D) used methadone
A) drank heavily
The __________ secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum. A) ovaries B) corpus luteum C) fallopian tubes D) cervix
B) corpus luteum
Jesse weighed 3.3 pounds when he was born. Research shows that he is at an increased risk of __________ in adulthood. A) prostate cancer B) diabetes C) lymphatic cancer D) Alzheimer's disease
B) diabetes
The __________ is the time when serious defects from teratogens are most likely to occur. A) germinal period B) embryonic period C) fetal period D) third trimester
B) embryonic period
The greatest damage from rubella occurs when it strikes pregnant mothers during the A) germinal period. B) embryonic period. C) second trimester. D) third trimester.
B) embryonic period.
Changing cultural values in Western industrialized nations allow people to __________ than a generation or two ago. A) have many children with less fear of social criticism B) remain childless with far less fear of social criticism C) more often emphasize societal obligation over individual fulfillment D) more often choose to give their first child a sibling
B) remain childless with far less fear of social criticism
The thin outer ring of cells on a blastocyst, termed the trophoblast, will become the A) new organism's skin and hair. B) structures that provide protective covering and nourishment. C) embryonic disk. D) nervous system and skin.
B) structures that provide protective covering and nourishment.
Currently, the most widely used potent teratogen is prescribed A) as a sedative. B) to treat severe acne. C) to prevent miscarriages. D) to treat depression.
B) to treat severe acne.
Kelly, a pregnant 30-year-old, has contracted the most common parasitic infection. Kelly has A) rubella. B) toxoplasmosis. C) cytomegalovirus. D) herpes simplex 2.
B) toxoplasmosis.
In group prenatal care, A) expectant mothers are grouped by age, and each group is seen by an assigned health-care provider. B) trained leaders provide expectant mothers with a group discussion session after each medical checkup. C) expectant mothers and fathers take turns facilitating group discussions. D) whole families are included in prenatal visits, including mothers, fathers, and siblings.
B) trained leaders provide expectant mothers with a group discussion session after each medical checkup.
Mel wonders when he will be able to find out the sex of his baby. You tell him that he should be able to detect the sex of the fetus with ultrasound by the __________ week of pregnancy. A) ninth B) twelfth C) fifteenth D) eighteenth
B) twelfth
During her first prenatal visit, LaToya's doctor explains that the __________ prevent(s) the skin from chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid. A) villi B) vernix C) glial cells D) chorion
B) vernix
Which of the following statements about models of effective parenthood is true? A) Overall, men are more likely than women to communicate effectively, be flexible when family problems arise, and build a healthy picture of themselves as successful parents. B) Parents who have had positive experiences in their own childhoods often have trouble building a healthy picture of themselves as parents and have conflicted relationships with their children. C) Many parents come to terms with negative experiences in their own childhoods, recognize that other options are available to them, and build healthier and happier relationships with their children. D) When men and women have had poor relationships with their own parents, they are more likely to develop positive images of themselves as parents.
C) Many parents come to terms with negative experiences in their own childhoods, recognize that other options are available to them, and build healthier and happier relationships with their children.
Willa, who is pregnant, gets headaches on a regular basis and takes aspirin to relieve the pain. What should you tell Willa about the effects of aspirin use on the developing organism? A) Regular aspirin use is completely safe during pregnancy. B) Regular aspirin use can cause gross deformities of the arms and legs during the embryonic period. C) Regular aspirin use is linked to low birth weight and poorer motor development. D) Regular aspirin use is linked to elevated incidence of birth complications, including respiratory distress.
C) Regular aspirin use is linked to low birth weight and poorer motor development.
During Zola's third month of pregnancy, she should A) be able to feel the baby move. B) avoid regular exercise. C) be able to hear the baby's heartbeat through a stethoscope. D) be able to tell when the baby is alert.
C) be able to hear the baby's heartbeat through a stethoscope.
At birth, Megan weighed 9.5 pounds. Research shows that she is at an increased risk of __________ in adulthood. A) diabetes B) lung cancer C) breast cancer D) stroke
C) breast cancer
uterus, and infertility as they reached adolescence and young adulthood. A) thalidomide B) isotretinoin C) diethylstilbestrol (DES) D) aspirin
C) diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Between the seventh and the ninth days after fertilization, __________ occurs. A) the period of the embryo B) the period of the fetus C) implantation D) cell duplication
C) implantation
Infants born to teenagers have a higher rate of problems because A) teenagers' reproductive organs are not yet mature enough to support a pregnancy. B) teenagers are not yet physically ready to give birth. C) many pregnant teenagers are afraid to seek medical care. D) teenagers are exposed to more teratogens than other pregnant mothers.
C) many pregnant teenagers are afraid to seek medical care.
Today, in Western industrialized nations, the issue of whether to have children is a A) biological given. B) compelling social expectation. C) matter of true individual choice. D) matter of legacy.
C) matter of true individual choice.
Most U.S. adults plan to have A) no children. B) one child. C) no more than two children. D) at least three children.
C) no more than two children.
In a study of more than 100 U.S. first-time expectant married couples who were interviewed about their pregnancy experiences, A) an unplanned pregnancy was especially likely to spark positive feelings among participants. B) about one-third of participants reported mixed or neutral feelings about their pregnancies. C) no participants felt negatively about their pregnancies by the third trimester. D) about two-thirds of participants reported mixed or neutral feelings to learning they were expecting.
C) no participants felt negatively about their pregnancies by the third trimester.
The relationship of social support to positive pregnancy outcomes and subsequent child development is __________ for __________ women. A) strongest; affluent B) moderate; minority C) particularly strong; low-income D) strongest; middle-income
C) particularly strong; low-income
The most rapid prenatal changes take place during the A) germinal period. B) period of the fetus. C) period of the embryo. D) final trimester.
C) period of the embryo.
Valerie, two months pregnant, wonders how food and oxygen are delivered to the developing organism. You should tell Valerie that the __________ performs this function. A) chorion B) amnion C) placenta D) neural tube
C) placenta
In Taiwan, prenatal exposure to high levels of __________ in rice oil resulted in low birth weight, discolored skin, and delayed cognitive development. A) dioxins B) mercury C) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) D) lead
C) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
One of the goals of the Nurse-Family Partnership is to A) eradicate prenatal drug use. B) lessen the effects of teratogens on developing organisms. C) promote early competent caregiving. D) provide family planning and genetic counseling.
C) promote early competent caregiving.
In healthy, physically fit women, __________ exercise is related to __________. A) regular aerobic; low birth weight B) frequent vigorous; a reduction in risk of high blood pressure C) regular moderate; a reduction in risk of maternal diabetes D) frequent vigorous; high birth weight
C) regular moderate; a reduction in risk of maternal diabetes
During the second month of pregnancy, the embryo A) can be irritated by sounds. B) has rapid eye movements. C) responds to touch. D) shields its eyes in response to light.
C) responds to touch.
When asked about the disadvantages of parenthood, Americans and Europeans most often cite A) loss of privacy. B) financial strain. C) role overload. D) work conflicts.
C) role overload.
Lanugo appears over the entire body during the __________ of pregnancy. A) second month B) third month C) second trimester D) third trimester
C) second trimester
Sara's doctor is looking inside her uterus using fetoscopy. Her 22-week-old fetus may react by A) grabbing at the light. B) blinking its eyes. C) shielding its eyes. D) kicking at the light.
C) shielding its eyes.
During the fetal period, A) teratogens rarely have any impact. B) teratogens are most likely to cause serious defects. C) the ears can be strongly affected by teratogens. D) teratogenic damage usually causes miscarriage.
C) the ears can be strongly affected by teratogens.
A survey of over 5,000 U.S. adults of childbearing age revealed that more than 90 percent A) do not want to have any children. B) have negative views about the idea of parenthood. C) have two or more children. D) already have children or are planning to have them.
D) already have children or are planning to have them.
From one-third to one-half of nonsmoking pregnant women A) use alcohol regularly. B) smoked prior to finding out they were pregnant. C) take antidepressants. D) are "passive smokers."
D) are "passive smokers."
Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of the Nurse-Family Partnership is true? A) The benefits of the intervention were the greatest for children from high-SES families. B) Trained paraprofessionals were more effective than professional nurses in preventing delayed mental development. C) As kindergartners, program children scored higher in language, but lower in intelligence, than comparison children. D) From their baby's birth on, home-visited mothers were on a more favorable life course than comparison mothers.
D) From their baby's birth on, home-visited mothers were on a more favorable life course than comparison mothers.
Research on childbearing reveals that A) fertility problems do not increase for men between ages 25 and 45. B) fertility problems among women do not show any increase until age 40. C) reproductive technologies are equally successful among younger and older parents. D) a 40-year-old man is less fertile than a 25-year-old man.
D) a 40-year-old man is less fertile than a 25-year-old man.
Taking a folic acid supplement around the time of conception reduces by more than 70 percent A) the risk of miscarriage. B) infantile hypothyroidism. C) the risk of Down syndrome. D) abnormalities of the neural tube.
D) abnormalities of the neural tube.
Danica is a healthy 35-year-old woman who is pregnant with her first child. Danica is A) more likely than a younger woman to have a baby with low birth weight. B) likely to have a longer and more difficult labor than a younger woman. C) more likely to have prenatal complications than a woman in her twenties. D) as likely as a younger woman to have no prenatal or birth complications.
D) as likely as a younger woman to have no prenatal or birth complications.
Carefully controlled animal experiments reveal that a poorly nourished, underweight fetus experiences changes in body structure and function that greatly increase the risk of __________ in adulthood. A) breast cancer B) diabetes C) Alzheimer's disease D) cardiovascular disease
D) cardiovascular disease
Pregnant women are wise to avoid __________ to reduce the likelihood of mercury exposure. A) getting X-rays B) changing cat litter boxes C) painting D) eating long-lived predatory fish
D) eating long-lived predatory fish
The amnion A) develops into the nervous system and the skin. B) surrounds the chorion. C) contains one large vein that delivers blood to the developing organism. D) encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid.
D) encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid.
During the second month of pregnancy, the A) embryo reacts to light. B) embryo kicks and bends its arms. C) heart begins to pump blood. D) heart develops separate chambers.
D) heart develops separate chambers.
Enriching women's diets with calcium A) can cause miscarriages in the germinal period. B) helps prevent neural tube defects. C) eliminates the risk of osteoporosis in offspring. D) helps prevent maternal high blood pressure.
D) helps prevent maternal high blood pressure.
Joslyn, a school custodian, is pregnant and works in an old school building where multiple layers of paint are flaking off the walls. To be safe, Joslyn should have the paint tested for A) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). B) mercury. C) dioxins. D) lead.
D) lead.
Most conceptions result from intercourse A) during the first week of the menstrual cycle. B) during the last week of the menstrual cycle. C) on the day of ovulation or during the two days following it. D) on the day of ovulation or during the two days preceding it.
D) on the day of ovulation or during the two days preceding it.
An ovum bursts from one of a woman's two __________ and is drawn into one of two __________. A) ovaries; testes B) fallopian tubes; ovaries C) fallopian tubes; placentas D) ovaries; fallopian tubes
D) ovaries; fallopian tubes
Kali's face, hands, and feet began to swell in the second half of her pregnancy. Kali's doctor began to monitor her blood pressure. The doctor was probably concerned about A) toxoplasmosis. B) maternal diabetes. C) Rh incompatibility. D) preeclampsia.
D) preeclampsia.
Sperm live for up to A) twelve hours. B) two days. C) four days. D) six days.
D) six days.
The male produces sperm in the __________, two glands located in the __________. A) penis; scrotum B) scrotum; penis C) testes; penis D) testes; scrotum
D) testes; scrotum
The placenta is connected to the developing organism by the A) uterine wall. B) amnion. C) chorion. D) umbilical cord.
D) umbilical cord.
It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drug use during pregnancy because A) most drug-using mothers refuse to participate in teratology research. B) the majority of babies born to drug-using mothers do not survive for more than a few days. C) most drug-using mothers quit during the first trimester of pregnancy. D) users often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from poverty and other stresses.
D) users often take several drugs, display other high-risk behaviors, and suffer from poverty and other stresses.
In one study, more active fetuses during the third trimester became 2-year-olds who A) were easily overwhelmed by sensory stimulation. B) had trouble establishing a regular sleep-wake pattern. C) had irregular eating schedules. D) were less fearful.
D) were less fearful.
Children exposed to a sedative called thalidomide were often born A) with noncancerous tumors. B) six to eight weeks premature. C) with severe cognitive delays . D) with gross deformities of the arms and legs.
D) with gross deformities of the arms and legs.
The __________ produces blood cells until the developing liver, spleen, and bone marrow are mature enough to take over this function. A) amnion B) chorion C) placenta D) yolk sac
D) yolk sac
