ch.4 nutrisci
sugar free strawberry preserves, diet soft drinks, sugar free chewing gum
appropriate uses for aspartame
carbohydrate content ranked
baked potato(medium), fat free milk(1 cup), 1 egg (large)
high fructose corn syrup
because of its low cost, shelf stability, and desirable food properties, ______ is used in the manufacture of many processed foods, including soft drinks, condiments, and snack foods.
reduces constipation and transit time of feces
benefits of including insoluble fiber in your diet
Sucrose
carbohydrate that is considered the benchmark against all other sweeteners
Polysaccharides
carbohydrates containing many glucose units (10-1000) are called
Nutritive alternative
classes of sweeteners
insulin
decreases blood glucose levels
activities
dental caries
type 2 diabetes
diet, exercise, oral medication, and insulin are treatments for what?
limit added sugars and consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains
dietary guidelines urge Americans to
mouth and small intestine
digestion happens where in the body
Aspartame
equal or nutrasweet
cellulose, Amylose, amylopectin
examples of polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
fiber is considered a
maltose
glucose + glucose
apples, kidney beans, carrots
good sources of vicious fiber
it provides fewer calories and its bulk contributes to satiety
high-fiber diet is helpful for weight management because
Triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose
in metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
Glucose
in the liver, galactose is transformed into ____, the most common monosaccharide.
Glucagon
increases blood glucose levels
in advanced stages
insulin injections required in type 2 diabetes
Protein
it is important to eat enough carbohydrates so the body doesn't use______ for energy
hypotension/hypoglycemia
low blood pressure
glucose
major monosaccharide found in body
lactose
milk and dairy are major food products of what disaccharide?
calcium and fiber
milk provides
active
monosaccharides follow a _____absorption process
immune; insulin; pancreas
most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ____ system disorder, which causes destruction of the _____-producing cells in the_____.
Glucose
most fructose in the diet is converted to____ (monosaccharide) in the liver
digestion process
mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, excreted
sucrose
natural sugars (ex: sugar beets and maple syrup)
maltose
or malt sugar has two glucose molecules bonded together
endosperm, bran, germ
parts of a whole grain
Provide the body with energy
primary function of carbohydrates
physical inactivity, obesity, and poor diet
risk factors for type 2 diabetes
frequent urination and extreme thirst
signs of diabetes
soluble fiber
slows the body's absorption of glucose, binding cholesterol-containing compounds in the intestines
added sugars and calories
soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of
pectins, gums, mucilages
soluble fiber examples
Amlyose
straight chain of glucose units; makes up of 20% of digestible starch
cellulose
straight chain polysaccharides made of glucose molecules
glucose and fructose
sucrose is made up of which 2 monosaccharides
Sorbitol
sugar alcohol example
don't promote dental caries, slowly metabolized than sugar, provide fewer calories than sugar
sugar alcohols are advantageous in food products because they...
dental caries
sugar in the diet causes a risk of
False
t/f sugar in the diet affects children behavior
Glycogen
the advantage of the branched structure of _____ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.
sucralose
the artificial sweetener____is useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat
6.5%
the threshold for diagnosis of diabetes is a hemoglobin A1c level greater than
inadequate insulin production
type 1 diabetes results from
physical activity, diet, and moderate weight loss
type 2 diabetes managed by
ketosis
what is it called where ketones don't break down completely
whole and cut-up
what types of fruit are great for fiber
small intestine
where is lactase produced
whole grains, fruits, vegetables
which are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet Als
Saccharin
which artificial sweetener was once believed to cause Blatter cancer
Carbohydrates
which macronutrients provide 4 kcal per gram
grains
which my plate foods contain foods with cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin?
adds bulk, substance found in plants, complex carbohydrate
which of the following statements about fiber are true?
fat
without carbohydrates, ____ doesn't break down completely
amino
Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two ______ acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.
amylopectin; amylose
Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ____ is digested more rapidly than ____
honey, molasses, sugar
Identify names of sugars that may be found in foods
provide adequate glucose for the brain & nervous system
The RDA of 130 grams per day of carbs is set to:
38 g
What is Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?
126 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood
What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?
fructose, glucose, galactose
Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?
abdominal pain
Which of the following are symptoms associated with diverticulitis?
45% to 65%
according to the food and nutrition board, carbohydrates should provide what % of calories in the diet
-meals with a mixture of macronutrients -smaller & more frequent meals
Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating:
prediabetic
Someone with a...blood glucose from 100-125 mg/dl and HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4T%
secondary lactose maldigestion
Temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose
-red & orange veggies -dark green veggies -starchy veggies -beans & peas
The five subgroups that veggies are organized include:
glucose and glycogen
The form of carbohydrate circulating in the blood is used for immediate energy is called____ . This can be stored in the liver or muscle for alter use in the form of _____.
starch
a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest
Dextrose
another name for glucose
hypertension/hyperglycemia
high blood pressure
ion imbalances, coma, dehydration
high level of ketones lead to
amylopectin
highly branched starch
fructose and glucose
honey contains
dietary fiber
how is non starch listed on food labels
calcium, potassium, vitamin d, protein
key nutrients provided by dairy products
they do not cause sudden increases in blood glucose levels and they do not contribute to tooth decay and provide fewer calories than sugar
sugar alcohols are advantageous in food products because they
Neotame, aspartame, sucralose
sweetener used in baked goods
alternative sugars
sweetest sweetener
shakiness, sweating, hunger
symptoms of hypoglycemia
children and teenagers
who is at highest risk for consuming empty calories in place of nutrients essential for growth?
lactose intolerance
The inability to completely digest the milk sugar lactose
neotame
1.7000-13000 sweeter than table sugar 2. No amino acids are absorbed, therefore does not need to carry PKU warning 3. Stable in heat
50 grams
2000 kcal diet
lactose, sucrose, maltose
3 disaccharides
18
A serving from MyPlate fruit groups provides ___ grams of carbohydrates
5
A serving from MyPlate vegetable group provides ____ grams of carbohydrates
15
A serving from the grains category of MyPlate provides ___ grams of carbohydrates
It does not cause dental caries it is heat-stable and can be used in baking
Acesulfame-K is a useful alternative sweetener because
-include saccharin, aspartame & sucralose -sweeten foods while providing few or no calories
Alternative (or artificial) sweeteners: -include saccharin, aspartame & sucralose -can all be substituted, cup for cup, for sugar when baking foods -sweeten foods while providing few or no calories
gases, acids
Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of
insoluble fiber (nonfermentable)
Fibers that aren't readily dissolved in water & not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are
insoluble fiber
Fibers that aren't readily dissolved in water & not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called:
omega 3 fat
Patients with metabolic syndrome may need to increase which type of fat?
cellulose
which types of dietary fiber are insoluble
sugar, sugar alcohol
which sweeteners provide significant calories
lactose intolerance
Chronically decreased production of lactase resulting in severe abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of even small amounts of lactose
primary lactose maldigestion
Chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose.
Functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods
What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?
liver and muscles
Where is glycogen stored?
grains
Which MyPlate food group has the highest starch content?
Released directly into the bloodstream from use by organs Producing fat Producing glycogen
Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed?
jam, table sugar, fruit
Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?
maltose
____ is a disaccharide importnat in the formation of alcoholic beverages
fiber
a diet excessive in _____ decreases absorption
12
a serving from the dairy group from my plate includes _____ grams of carbohydrates
glucose and galactose
which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose
amylopectin and amylose
two components of starch
aspartame, saccharin, sucralose
types of alternative sweeteners
glucose
what does glycogen store
eggs, beef, butter
what foods contain essentially no carbohydrates
fluoride toothpaste, fluoridated water
what has contributed to fewer dental caries in North American children over the last 20 years
Carbohydrates
when bacteria in the mouth metabolize_____, they produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, leading to cavities.
when overall calorie needs are exceeded
when is glucose most likely to produce fat
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
which guideline is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies
macronutrients in a meal, physical structure
which influence glycemic index
neotame, acesulfame-K, aspartame
which of the following nonnutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the US
everything
which parts of the body can be damaged by uncontrolled diabetes
Stevia
which sweetener comes from a South American shrub