Ch6-1,2- Conditioning
Ice cream-Several days (and ice cream bars) later, you notice that your mouth begins to water
(conditioned response)
Ice cream-You hear the truck's music, and your mouth waters.
(conditioned response)
Ice cream-one day you head down the street. You hear the truck's music
(conditioned stimulus)
Ice cream truck's music (neutral stimulus)
(neutral stimulus)
Ice cream- and then your mouth waters (unconditioned response).
(unconditioned response)
Ice cream- You take a bite
(unconditioned stimulus)
_____________occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.
Associative learning
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
associative learning
In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov's research on the digestive system of dogs unexpectedly led to his discovery of the learning process now known as ______________
classical conditioning
__________, also known as Pavlovian conditioning,
classical conditioning
__________is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.
classical conditioning
organisms learn to associate events—or stimuli—that repeatedly happen together.
classical conditioning
Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus is called the _____________
conditioned response (CR)
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
which is a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
operant conditioning tends to involve________________
conscious processes
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
instinct
_________ is more complex patterns of behavior, involve movement of the organism as a whole (e.g., sexual activity and migration), and involve higher brain centers.
instincts
__________ are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons.
instincts
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
reflex
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period
spontaneous recovery
When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar
stimulus discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
stimulus discrimination
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.
stimulus generalization
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, it is called__
stimulus generalization
Extinction occurs when ________.
the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
The dogs' salivation was an _______
unconditioned response (UCR)
a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus.
unconditioned response (UCR)
The meat powder in this situation was an ___________
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
classical conditioning tends to involve___________________
unconscious processes
your neighbor or roommate constantly has the television blaring. This background noise is distracting and makes it difficult for you to focus when you're studying. However, over time, you become accustomed to the stimulus of the television noise, and eventually you hardly notice it any longer.
Habituation
__ is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.
Extinction
___view that phobias are caused by deep, hidden conflicts in the mind
Freud's
___________tend to be simpler than instincts, involve the activity of specific body parts and systems (e.g., the knee-jerk reflex and the contraction of the pupil in bright light), and involve more primitive centers of the central nervous system (e.g., the spinal cord and the medulla).
Reflexes
__________ extends the effective range of both classical and operant conditioning.
Observational learning
__________ are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment.
Reflexes
___ is considered the founder of behaviorism.
John B. Watson
____ tested humans by conditioning fear in an infant known as Little Albert. His findings suggest that classical conditioning can explain how some fears develop.
John B. Watson
______ is a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness)
Taste aversion
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
acquisition
the initial period of learning is known as ____________.
acquisition
classical and operant conditioning, in which learning occurs only through ___________.
direct experience
Instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors—they occur naturally and _______________.
do not involve learning
when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
habituation
(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
higher-order conditioning
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.
neutral stimulus
In classical conditioning, a ________ is presented immediately before an unconditioned stimulus.
neutral stimulus
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
neutral stimulus (NS)
which is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.
neutral stimulus (NS)
___________adds social and cognitive layers to all the basic associative processes
observational learning
___________is the process of watching others and then imitating what they do.
observational learning