Ch6-1,2- Conditioning

Ice cream-Several days (and ice cream bars) later, you notice that your mouth begins to water

(conditioned response)

Ice cream-You hear the truck's music, and your mouth waters.

(conditioned response)

Ice cream-one day you head down the street. You hear the truck's music

(conditioned stimulus)

Ice cream truck's music (neutral stimulus)

(neutral stimulus)

Ice cream- and then your mouth waters (unconditioned response).

(unconditioned response)

Ice cream- You take a bite

(unconditioned stimulus)

_____________occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.

Associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

associative learning

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov's research on the digestive system of dogs unexpectedly led to his discovery of the learning process now known as ______________

classical conditioning

__________, also known as Pavlovian conditioning,

classical conditioning

__________is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.

classical conditioning

organisms learn to associate events—or stimuli—that repeatedly happen together.

classical conditioning

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus is called the _____________

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

conditioned response (CR)

which is a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

operant conditioning tends to involve________________

conscious processes

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

instinct

_________ is more complex patterns of behavior, involve movement of the organism as a whole (e.g., sexual activity and migration), and involve higher brain centers.

instincts

__________ are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons.

instincts

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

reflex

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

spontaneous recovery

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

spontaneous recovery

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

stimulus discrimination

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus, it is called__

stimulus generalization

Extinction occurs when ________.

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

The dogs' salivation was an _______

unconditioned response (UCR)

a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus.

unconditioned response (UCR)

The meat powder in this situation was an ___________

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism.

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

classical conditioning tends to involve___________________

unconscious processes

your neighbor or roommate constantly has the television blaring. This background noise is distracting and makes it difficult for you to focus when you're studying. However, over time, you become accustomed to the stimulus of the television noise, and eventually you hardly notice it any longer.

Habituation

__ is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.

Extinction

___view that phobias are caused by deep, hidden conflicts in the mind

Freud's

___________tend to be simpler than instincts, involve the activity of specific body parts and systems (e.g., the knee-jerk reflex and the contraction of the pupil in bright light), and involve more primitive centers of the central nervous system (e.g., the spinal cord and the medulla).

Reflexes

__________ extends the effective range of both classical and operant conditioning.

Observational learning

__________ are a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment.

Reflexes

___ is considered the founder of behaviorism.

John B. Watson

____ tested humans by conditioning fear in an infant known as Little Albert. His findings suggest that classical conditioning can explain how some fears develop.

John B. Watson

______ is a type of conditioning in which an interval of several hours may pass between the conditioned stimulus (something ingested) and the unconditioned stimulus (nausea or illness)

Taste aversion

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

acquisition

the initial period of learning is known as ____________.

acquisition

classical and operant conditioning, in which learning occurs only through ___________.

direct experience

Instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors—they occur naturally and _______________.

do not involve learning

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

habituation

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

higher-order conditioning

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

neutral stimulus

In classical conditioning, a ________ is presented immediately before an unconditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

neutral stimulus (NS)

which is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.

neutral stimulus (NS)

___________adds social and cognitive layers to all the basic associative processes

observational learning

___________is the process of watching others and then imitating what they do.

observational learning