chap 21-23

describe the flow of blood to and from the unborn infant through the umbilical cord

-blood leaves the placenta -enters the umbilical vein -enters the ductus venosus -enters the fetal liver -enters the inferior vena cava -enters the fetal right atrium

what percentage of blood is in the systemic circuit

80%

what are the 3 vessels of the placenta

?

What is the hepatic portal system?

A system that brings blood from the digestive tract rich in amino acids and glucose to the liver

where are the lymph nodes concentrated

Armpits, neck, groin

describe how fluid enters and travels in the lymphatic system

Fluid enters the lymphatic system as "interstitial fluid" by leaking out of blood capillaries in tissues, and is then collected by lymph vessels; this fluid, now called lymph, travels through progressively larger lymphatic vessels, passing through lymph nodes for filtration, before emptying into the bloodstream via the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct, returning the fluid to the circulatory system; this process is driven by muscle contractions and one-way valves within the lymphatic vessels, with no dedicated pump like the heart.

What are the 4 heart valves

RAV, LAV, Aortic, pulmonary

what three main changes occur in an infants circulatory system at birth

Smooth muscles of the ductus arteriosus contract forming the ligamentum arteriosum found in the adult heart Pressure in the left atrium increases, thus closing the valvular flap of the foramen ovale, forming the fossa ovalis found in the adult heart

what is the largest lymph organ

The spleen (size of a fist); very thin-walled so a blunt trauma can cause it to rupture; most blood-rich of all the lymph organs (will regenerate if removed in children under 12)

how does the venous system differ from the arterial system in the limbs

arterial system carries oxygen rich blood and the venous system carries deoxygenated blood

what are the differences between arteries and vein

arteries: transport blood away from the heart (oxygenated blood) veins: transport blood towards the heart (deoxygenated blood)

what is the differences between atria and ventricles

atria: positioned superior to the coronary sulcus ventricles: positioned inferior to the coronary sulcus

what is the pulmonary circuit

blood that goes through the lungs

sympathetic

causes heart rate to increase

parasympathetic

causes heart rate to slow down

systole

contraction, blood is ejected into the ventricles. blood is ejected into the pulmonary trunk and the ascending aorta

arterioles

control how much blood travels through the capillary beds

What are the parts of the AV valve

cusps, chordae tendinae, papillary muscles

describe the general movement of blood through the pulmonary circuit

deoxygenated blood leaves the heart by passing through the pulmonary valve, then enters the pulmonary trunk, then enters the left and right pulmonary arteries. blood then arrives at the lugs to drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen. oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins, lastly blood enters the left atrium of the heart

what is the systemic circuit

everything outside of the pulmonary circuit

what are lymph nodes

gland-like structures found inside the lymphatic vessels. large collections of nodules make up the tonsils

what are the names and functions of the 4 heart chambers

interatrial groove: seperates the left and right atria coronary sulcus: separates the left and right atria anterior interventricular sulcus: seperates the left and right ventricles posterior interventricular sulcus: also seperates the left and right ventricles

define lymph

interstitial fluid once it has entered lymphatic vessels

what are the names and functions of the 3 tissue layers in vessels

intima (innermost layer)- make up the endothelium of the vessel media (middle layer)- consists of smooth muscle, involved in vasconstriction and vasodilation adventita (outermost)- fibers of the adventitious anchor of the blood vessels

describe the drainage of the thoracic duct

it begins with a saclike structure called cisterna chyli below the diaphragm and drains into the left subclavian vein. it drains lymph inferior to the diaphragm and from the left arm, left side of torso, neck, and head, abdomen, both legs

where is the apex of the heart located in the thoracic cavity

just left of the sternum in the coronary sulcus

structural difference between right and left ventricle

left ventricle is thicker than the right and is a round shape the right is a pouch on the outside of the left ventricle

how are lymph vessels similar to veins? how are they different?

lymphatic vessels have thiner walls and do not have easily identifiable tunics. They have valves just like most veins have

what is the function of t cells

makes up 80% of lymphocytes. they attack foreign cells and viruses, enhances antibody production by b cells. inhibit antibody production by b cells, and become activated if the same antigen appears in the body later

how do veins return low-pressure blood to the heart

many veins have valves to assist in this process, they compartmentalize the blood in the vein thus acting as one way valves. skeletal muscles from the legs help propel the blood back to the heart.

describe the general movement of blood through the systemic circuit

oxygenated blood leaves the heart by passing through the aortic valve it then enters the ascending aorta, at the base of the ascending aorta are the branches of the coronary vessels then it enters the aortic arch, from the aortic arch, blood branches into numerous vessels

what is the function of lymph

production, distribution, and maintenance of lymphocytes, maintenance of normal blood volume and chemical composition of the interstitial fluid, provides an alternative route for hormones, nutrients, and waste

diastole

relaxation, chambers are filling with blood

names and functions of great vessels of the heart

superior vena cava: inferior vena cava: pulmonary arteries: pulmonary veins: aorta:

list the types of lymphocytes

t cells, b cells, and nk cells

what is the SA node called

the pacemaker because thats where the heartbeat starts

describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct

the right lymphatic duct drains from the lymph of the right arm and right side of the torso, neck, and head. it then drains into the right subclavian vein

what is the structure and function of the capillaries

they are the smallest and most numerous of all blood vessels. 60,000 miles in total length. walls are thin enough to permit exchange of gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. the diameter is about 8 micrometers

what is the function of nk cells

they attack foreign cells, normal cells that are infected with viruses, and attack cancer cells

what is the purpose of interclaated discs

they bind the myofibrils of adjacent cells together

where do b cells mature

they mature in bone marrow

where do t cells mature

they mature is the thymus gland

what is the function of b cells

they produce antibodies that react with antigens

what are lymph organs/tisssue

thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, nodes, spleen, MALT

what is the function of the hepatic portal system

to deliver nutrients absorbed from stomach and intestines to the liver

what percentage of blood volume is in the venous system

veins contain 65-70% of blood volume

what are the two layers of the pericardium

visceral: also called epicardium parietal: reinforced by a layer called the fibrous pericardium