Chap 31: fungi

True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together.

False

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?

Fungi help release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize.

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom?

Hyphae are produced by mitosis.

Which of the following is NOT a reproductive structure in fungi?

Mycelia

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself?

Mycelium

Which structure is not involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi?

Mycelium

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals?

Plasmogamy

You decide to bake bread from scratch. Which of the following is required to make your dough rise?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?

The larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane

True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei.

True

As a group, fungi are _____.

decomposers

A cell has two haploid nuclei. This means it is _____.

dikaryotic

The Mycelia _____.

have a large surface area composed of branching hyphae

Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____.

meiosis

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____.

surroundings

a. sexual reproduction.

1. The names of fungal groups are based on structures associated with a. sexual reproduction. b. nutrition. c. ecology. d. vegetative growth. e. cell division.

yeasts

1. Unicellular forms of three types of fungi (sac, zygospore, and club fungi) are known as _______.

fuse

10. Sexual reproduction in fungi is accomplished when two different mating types _______.

c. is a reproductive organ.

10. The fruiting structure of a fungus a. attracts predators away from the essential underground parts. b. is an important organ for gas exchange with the atmosphere. c. is a reproductive organ. d. always acts as a hallucinogen for mammals. e. serves as a landing pad for fungal pollinators.

c. a high surface area-to-volume ratio.

11. One adaptation that fungi have for absorptive nutrition, in which nutrients are absorbed across the cell surfaces, is a. lack of a cell wall. b. a low surface area-to-volume ratio. c. a high surface area-to-volume ratio. d. tolerance of low temperatures. e. tolerance of high temperatures.

facultative; obligate

11. There are two types of parasitic fungi: _______, which grow parasitically but can also grow independently, and _______, which grow only on their specific hosts.

haustoria

12. After a parasitic fungus invades leaf tissue, the hyphae form branching projections called _______ that push into the living plant cells and absorb their nutrients.

a. most hyphae are in close contact with their food.

12. Fungi have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio than do most other multicellular organisms because a. most hyphae are in close contact with their food. b. an individual mycelium can grow very large. c. hyphae grow together to form a mycelium. d. most fungi are microscopic organisms. e. chitinous cell walls are more permeable than cellulose cell walls.

d. higher; hypertonic

13. In a jar of jelly in a refrigerator, fungi will be more common than bacteria because fungi have a _______ tolerance for highly _______ environments. a. lower; hypotonic b. lower; hypertonic c. higher; hypotonic d. higher; hypertonic e. lower; hypotonic or hypertonic

mutualists

13. Organisms living in mutually beneficial symbiosis with other organisms are called _______.

c. asexual spores formed at the tips of specialized hyphae.

14. Conidia are a. spores produced within sporangia. b. meiotic products. c. asexual spores formed at the tips of specialized hyphae. d. encased diploid spores from a basidiomycete. e. a type of basidium that forms on a specialized stalk.

thallus; soredia

14. Lichens can reproduce by fragmenting the _______ or by specialized structures called _______.

dikaryotic

15. Fungi often have a _______ life stage in which a hypha has two haploid nuclei (1n + 1n).

e. Production of a zygospore

15. Which of the following is not a form of asexual reproduction in fungi? a. Simple breakage of the mycelium b. Production of haploid spores c. Production of conidia d. Budding and fission e. Production of a zygospore

b. break down carbon compounds.

16. A major role of saprobic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems is to a. trap atmospheric CO2. b. break down carbon compounds. c. parasitize animals. d. parasitize plants. e. form symbiotic mutualist relationships with plants.

polar tube

16. Microsporia penetrate their host cell using a _______, through which they inject the contents of the spore.

a. carbon

17. If all the fungi were to disappear, the _______ cycle would fail. a. carbon b. phosphorous c. sulfur d. nitrogen e. water

chytrids

17. The fungi of the most basal clade, the _______, were formerly classified as protists.

chytrids; zygospore fungi (or Zygomycota)

18. The _______ and _______ are two major groups of fungi that are not monophyletic, but rather have several distinct lineages.

a. Fungi can use atmospheric nitrogen directly.

18. Which of the following statements about how fungi obtain nitrogen is false? a. Fungi can use atmospheric nitrogen directly. b. Fungi can use nitrate ions. c. Fungi can obtain nitrogen directly from protein sources. d. Fungi can obtain nitrogen from ammonium. e. All of the above are true; none is false.

Glomeromycota

19. The fungal group that associates with plant roots to form arbuscular mycorrhizae is the _______.

b. Saprobes

19. _______ are organisms that live on dead matter. a. Parasites b. Saprobes c. Anaerobes d. Aerobes e. Autotrophs

Microsporidia

2. Reduced parasitic fungi are likely to belong to the _______ group.

d. Chitin in the cell walls

2. Which of the following is a synapomorphy for the fungi? a. Rhizoids b. Spores c. Heterotrophism d. Chitin in the cell walls e. Presence of DNA

Penicillium; Ascomycota

20. The strong flavors of Camembert and Roquefort cheeses come from the digestion of milk by green molds in the _______ genus in the _______ fungi group.

a. Sugars

20. Which of the following is the favored source of carbon for saprobic fungi? a. Sugars b. Carbon dioxide c. Chitin d. Calcium carbonate e. Cellulose

a. Saprobic

21. Fungi break down a fallen tree. a. Saprobic b. Competitive c. Predatory d. Parasitic e. Mutualistic

basidioma

21. The scientific term for the "mushroom" part of a club fungus is _______.

d. Parasitic

22. Black stem rust draws nutrition from wheat and damages the wheat plant. a. Saprobic b. Competitive c. Predatory d. Parasitic e. Mutualistic

c. Predatory

23. A constricting ring formed by Arthrobotrys traps a nematode. Fungal hyphae invade and digest the nematode. a. Saprobic b. Competitive c. Predatory d. Parasitic e. Mutualistic

e. Mutualistic

24. Fungi grow in association with the roots of soybeans, providing the plants with more minerals. a. Saprobic b. Competitive c. Predatory d. Parasitic e. Mutualistic

e. Mutualistic

25. Seed germination in most orchid species depends on the presence of a specific fungus species, and the fungus derives nutrients from the seed and seedling. a. Saprobic b. Competitive c. Predatory d. Parasitic e. Mutualistic

e. All of the above

26. Which of the following human diseases can be caused by a fungus? a. Pneumonia b. Diarrhea c. Ringworm d. Thrush (Candida) e. All of the above

c. chytrid

27. The global decline of amphibians is linked to the spread of _______ fungus. a. club b. smut c. chytrid d. sac e. septate

e. All of the above

28. Fungi can be parasitic on a. animals. b. plants. c. protists. d. Both b and c e. All of the above

d. Both a and b

29. Predatory fungi may trap prey by means of a. a constricting ring. b. sticky substances secreted by hyphae. c. mycorrhizae. d. Both a and b e. All of the above

c. has filamentous growth and obtains its food by absorption.

3. An unknown organism can be identified as a fungus if it a. is multicellular and nonphotosynthetic. b. has cell walls and reproduces by spores. c. has filamentous growth and obtains its food by absorption. d. has prokaryotic cells and cell walls made of chitin. e. is unicellular and eukaryotic.

choanoflagellates; animals

3. The sister groups to the fungi are the _______ and the _______.

b. plant roots.

30. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations of a fungus with a. an alga or a bacterium. b. plant roots. c. a lichen. d. an animal. e. another fungus.

a. symbiotic

31. Many fungi are _______, associating with photosynthetic organisms to form mycorrhizae or lichens. a. symbiotic b. parasitic c. saprobic d. photosynthetic e. predatory

a. Chitin

32. Which component would one expect to find as part of the fungal partner in lichen? a. Chitin b. Chlorophyll c. Reverse transcriptase d. Silica e. Cellulose

b. food production.

33. The algal partner in a lichen symbiosis is responsible primarily for a. respiration. b. food production. c. defense. d. reproduction. e. water storage.

a. by photosynthesis.

34. Lichens obtain organic carbon a. by photosynthesis. b. by engulfing other organisms. c. by absorption from the environment. d. from decaying organic material. e. by parasitizing flowering plants.

a. symbiotic; an alga or a bacterium

35. Lichens are _______ associations of a fungus with _______. a. symbiotic; an alga or a bacterium b. saprobic; an alga or a bacterium c. parasitic; an alga or a bacterium d. symbiotic; plant roots e. parasitic; plant roots

c. 20

36. Approximately _______ percent of fungi are associated with lichens. a. 2 b. 12 c. 20 d. 50 e. 80

c. the sun.

37. Lichens acquire energy from a. decaying matter. b. parasitism. c. the sun. d. minerals in the air and precipitation. e. minerals on rocks.

b. mycelium.

38. The portion of the fungus that is involved directly in the formation of a lichen is the a. fruiting body. b. mycelium. c. spore. d. spore case. e. blue-green bacteria.

e. lichens.

39. Soredia (singular soredium) are reproductive structures found in some a. Zygomyceta. b. Ascomyceta. c. Basidiomyceta. d. mycorrhizae. e. lichens.

chitin

4. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms, with absorptive nutrition, that contain _______ in their cell walls.

a. Basidiomycota

4. Which of the following is the sister group to Ascomycota? a. Basidiomycota b. Zygomycota c. Chytrids d. Lichens e. None of the above

d. Both a and b

40. Plants with active mycorrhizae a. benefit nutritionally from this arrangement. b. display enhanced absorption of water and minerals (especially phosphorus). c. are heavily parasitized and die. d. Both a and b e. None of the above

e. All of the above

41. Which of the following is likely to promote mutualistic relationships between plants and fungi? a. Nutrient-poor soils b. A lack of chlorophyll in the plants c. High levels of herbivory d. Both a and b e. All of the above

b. their haploid gametes have flagella.

42. The chytrids are different from all other fungi in that a. they reproduce only asexually. b. their haploid gametes have flagella. c. they are the only parasitic fungi. d. they contain a fruiting body. e. they contain a thallus.

e. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota

43. The absence of flagellated gametes is a synapomorphy of which of the following fungal groups? a. Chytrids b. Ascomycota c. Basidiomycota d. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota e. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota

a. dikaryotic and haploid; only dikaryotic

44. The fruiting bodies of Ascomycota have _______ hyphae, whereas those in Basidiomycota are _______. a. dikaryotic and haploid; only dikaryotic b. dikaryotic; dikaryotic or haploid c. dikaryotic; dikaryotic d. haploid; dikaryotic e. haploid; haploid or dikaryotic

c. there are two genetically different nuclei in a single hypha.

45. The fusion of two different mating types forms a dikaryon that is a heterokaryon. The term "heterokaryon" refers to the fact that a. the hypha is haploid. b. two nuclei fused in the course of its formation. c. there are two genetically different nuclei in a single hypha. d. the two nuclei have fused into a zygote. e. None of the above

d. contain two nuclei per cell.

46. Dikaryotic cells a. have two hyphae per fruiting body. b. contain pairs of homologous chromosomes. c. produce two spores per hypha. d. contain two nuclei per cell. e. contain diploid nuclei.

d. sac fungi.

47. Motile gametes are found in a. Zygomycota. b. Glomeromycota. c. chytrids. d. sac fungi. e. Basidiomycota.

e. Both b and d

48. Which of the groups below is not monophyletic? a. Ascomycetes b. Chytrids c. Basidiomycetes d. Zygomycetes e. Both b and d

b. Ascomycota

49. In which of the following groups are almost half of the species involved in mutualistic relationships known as lichens? a. Zygomycota b. Ascomycota c. Glomeromycota d. Blastocladiomycota e. Basidiomycota

e. Glomeromycota.

5. Fungi that appear to reproduce only asexually are a. chytrids. b. Zygomycota. c. Ascomycota. d. Basidiomycota. e. Glomeromycota.

chitin

5. The cell walls of all fungi consist of the polysaccharide _______, which is also found in some animals.

e. Glomeromycota

50. Reproduce asexually—no evidence yet of sexual reproduction a. Zygomycota b. Chytrids c. Ascomycota d. Basidiomycota e. Glomeromycota

c. Ascomycota

51. Perforated cross-walls; found in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater habitats; includes baker's, or brewer's, yeast a. Zygomycota b. Chytrids c. Ascomycota d. Basidiomycota e. Glomeromycota

d. Basidiomycota

52. Asci are contained within a specialized fruiting structure (ascoma); includes molds, parasites such as the Dutch elm disease fungus, and epicurean delights such as morels and truffles a. Zygomycota b. Chytrids c. Ascomycota d. Basidiomycota e. Glomeromycota

d. Basidiomycota

53. Common name is club fungi; complete cross-walls; includes puffballs, mushrooms, wheat rust, smut fungi, mycorrhizae a. Zygomycota b. Chytrids c. Ascomycota d. Basidiomycota e. Glomeromycota

b. Truffles and morels

54. Which of the following fungi are included in the same taxonomic group? a. Cup fungi and bracket fungi b. Truffles and morels c. Amanita and powdery mildew d. Black bread mold and pink bread mold e. Dutch elm disease fungi and smut fungi

a. Zygomycota

55. Rhizopus is a type of mold that has coenocytic hyphae and only one diploid cell (the zygote) during its life cycle. It is therefore likely to belong to which of the following groups? a. Zygomycota b. Ascomycota c. Glomeromycota d. Blastocladiomycota e. Microsporidia

e. Yoghurt

56. Fungi play important roles in the fermentation of many different human foods. Which of the following is not one of these foods? a. Beer b. Bread c. Soy sauce d. Cheese e. Yoghurt

d. Some species produce oxygen via fermentation.

57. Which of the following statements about the economic usefulness of fungi is false? a. Some species are used commercially to flavor foods. b. Some species are edible. c. Some species produce alcohol via fermentation. d. Some species produce oxygen via fermentation. e. Some species produce antibiotics.

b. Ascomycota.

58. Common morels are classified as a. Basidiomycota. b. Ascomycota. c. Zygomycota. d. mycorrhizae. e. lichens.

a. Ascomycota.

59. Baker's yeast is classified as a. Ascomycota. b. Microsporidia. c. Blastocladiomycota. d. Basidiomycota. e. mycorrhizae.

mycelium

6. The body of a multicellular fungus is called a _______.

a. chitin.

6. The cell walls of fungal hyphae contain the polysaccharide a. chitin. b. cellulose. c. lignin. d. silica. e. pectin.

d. reproduction.

60. The gills of a mushroom are specialized for a. respiration. b. food production. c. defense. d. reproduction. e. water storage.

e. Smut fungus

61. Which of the following is a Basidiomycota? a. Dutch elm disease fungus b. Chestnut blight fungus c. Powdery mildew d. Green fruit mold e. Smut fungus

c. Basidiomycota.

62. Cereal grains are parasitized by rusts and smuts, which are classified as a. mycorrhizae. b. Ascomycota. c. Basidiomycota. d. Microsporidia. e. lichens.

d. basidiospore.

63. A sexually produced spore that buds from the surface of a basidium is a(n) a. zygospore. b. ascospore. c. sporangiophore. d. basidiospore. e. zoospore.

hyphae

7. The body cells of a multicellular fungus are organized into rapidly growing, individual tubular filaments called _______.

d. mycelium.

7. The body of a multicellular fungus is called a a. dikaryon. b. hypha. c. rhizoid. d. mycelium. e. None of the above

rhizoids

8. Individual filaments that anchor chytrids and some other fungi to their substrate are called _______.

c. rhizoids.

8. Individual filaments that anchor chytrids to their substrate are called a. dikaryons. b. hyphae. c. rhizoids. d. mycelia. e. None of the above

mating types

9. Sexual reproduction in fungi occurs between genetically distinct _______.

b. hyphae.

9. The cells of the body of a multicellular fungus are organized into rapidly growing individual tubular filaments called a. dikaryons. b. hyphae. c. rhizoids. d. mycelia. e. None of the above

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom?

Basidia