chap 4

A needle pierces through the epidermal layers of the forearm in the following order: 1. stratum basale 2. stratum corneum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum lucidum 5. stratum spinosum

2, 3, 5, 1, 4

Stratum basale

C) Deepest layer of the epidermis that is situated closest to the dermis

Keratinocyte

Cell commonly found in the epidermis that produces keratin

Epidermal dendritic cell

Cell responsible for alerting and activating an immune response to a bacterial or viral invasion

Melanocyte

Cell that produces a pigment known as melanin

List and describe the three types of epithelial membranes.

Cutaneous membrane is: a. skin b. dry c. composed of keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying connective tissue is often dense and fibrous. 2. Mucous membrane: a. is moist b. is found lining all body cavities that open to the exterior c. often contains stratified squamous epithelium or simple columnar epithelium 3. Serous membrane: a. is composed of two layers (visceral layer covers the organ in the cavity while the parietal layer lines the walls of the ventral body cavity) b. covers organs in body cavities that are closed to the exterior c. is constructed of simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin?

D

Joe just burned his hand on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful; Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree, or full-thickness, burn

F

Milia is most common during old age when secretions accumulate in the sebaceous glands

F

The ABCD rule is used for classifying burns.

F

The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.

F

Serous membranes line and lubricate joint cavities such as the knee.

FALSE

When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the capillaries of the skin will dilate so that blood will flush into skin capillary beds and heat will be dissipated.

FALSE

Collagen and elastic fibers are common in the epidermis of the skin.

False

Sebaceous glands may be classified as eccrine or apocrine depending on their locations

False

Sebaceous glands release sweat to help control body temperature.

False

Subcutaneous tissue

Hypodermis

Which of the following is a vital function of the skin?

It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D.

Stratum corneum

Superficial layer of the epidermis made of 20-30 cell layers of dead, keratin-filled cells

Apocrine gland secretions are normally odorless, and may be milky or yellowish in color.

T

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from cells of the stratum spinosum.

T

The rule of nines is used to estimate how much of the body surface is burned.

T

Cutaneous membranes are the only dry membranes.

TRUE

Explain how the skin helps regulate body temperature

The system that controls temp is the nervous system, which means that it can regulate functions of the skin. When an outside temp is high, there is heat loss which makes the nervous system activate sweat glands. Then, perspiration is made which then evaporates from the skin surface. On the other hand, when the temp outside is low the nervous system does not allow blood to enter the skin capillary system and radiation to body exterior is prevented so perspiration doesn't occur.

Hair is produced by the hair bulb and is composed primarily of dead keratinized cells

True

Nails and hair are composed of keratin.

True

The dermis is composed mostly of dense connective tissue.

True

The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium.

True

The majority of the cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes.

True

The pattern that produces fingerprints is produced by dermal papillae in the dermis

True

The pinkish hue of healthy individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the dermis.

True

Papillary layer of dermis

Upper layer of the dermis that forms dermal papillae

Which of the following is an indication of melanoma?

a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors

A genetic switch turns on male pattern baldness in response to ______

age

"Goosebumps" are caused by contractions of the _

arrector pili muscles

Hairs are found associated with the ______

axillary region

Sebum is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT __

body temperature regulation

The secretion of sweat is stimulated _______

both by high temperatures and by hormones, especially male hormones

People who produce a lot of melanin have a skin tone that is

brown

First-degree burn

burn in which only the epidermis becomes red and swollen

Malignant melanoma

cancer of melanocytes

Squamous cell carcinoma

cancer of stratum spinosum cells

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is caused by a herpes simplex infection?

cold sores

The outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized and known as stratum ______

corneum

The only dry membrane is the

cutaneous membrane

Dandruff

dry, dead flakes of stratum corneum

The type of gland responsible for body temperature regulation is the ________ gland

eccrine (sweat or sudoriferous)

The two main layers of skin are ______

epidermis and dermis

Third-degree, or full-thickness, burn

full thickness burn of the skin in which the skin becomes blackened or blanched (gray-white)

Synovial fluid reduces friction _______

in movable joints such as the knee

Acne

infection of the sebaceous gland and the formation of pimples

Boils and carbuncles

inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands

The skin and its derivatives (nails, glands, and hairs) form the ____

integumentary system

Which of the following abnormal skin colors results from liver disorders?

jaundice

Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is ________.

keratin

Nails are composed of ________

keratin

Where are mucous membranes found?

lining the inside of the stomach

Basal cell carcinoma

malignancy of the lowest epidermal layer

Hair color is due to a pigment known as __

melanin

The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to ____

melanin

The three pigments that contribute to skin color are ________, ________, and ________.

melanin; carotene; hemoglobin

What skin disorder is recognized using the ABCD rule?

melanoma

The secretions of the eccrine glands are ____

mostly water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid, and vitamin C

Type of membrane adapted for absorption or secretion

mucous membrane

Type of membrane that lines open body cavities

mucous membrane

Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the

papillary layer of the dermis

Which of the following kills bacteria and prevents bacterial invasions of the skin?

sebum

The type of burn that involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis and is red, blistered, and painful is termed as a ________-degree burn.

second

The pleura and pericardium are examples of ________ membranes that cover organs in a body cavity closed to the exterior.

serous

Which membrane is constructed of a visceral and parietal layer?

serous

Peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are examples of this type of membrane

serous membrane

Type of membrane that contains a visceral and a parietal layer

serous membrane

Type of membrane that secretes fluids around organs

serous membrane

Dermatitis

skin inflammation

Impetigo

staphylococcus bacterial infection causing water-filled lesions, commonly around the mouth and nose

The epidermis is composed of _____

stratified squamous epithelium

A splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis on your foot. This layer is the

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis in which cells die because of their inability to get nutrients and oxygen is the clear layer called _____

stratum lucidum

Jan got her microscope slides mixed up in lab as they were unlabeled. The slide with abundant adipose tissue should be labeled as the ______

subcutaneous tissue

The ________ membrane lines the fibrous capsule surrounding joints

synovial

Type of membrane that lines the fibrous capsules surrounding joints

synovial membrane

Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane?

synovial membrane

A physician estimates the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient by ________.

using the rule of 9s

Herpes simplex

virus that produces cold sores

The layer of the serous membrane that covers an organ is known as the ________ layer.

visceral

The deepest layer of the serous membrane covering the outer surface of the heart is the

visceral pericardium

Type of membrane that forms the skin

Peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are examples of this type of membrane