chap 4
A needle pierces through the epidermal layers of the forearm in the following order: 1. stratum basale 2. stratum corneum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum lucidum 5. stratum spinosum
2, 3, 5, 1, 4
Stratum basale
C) Deepest layer of the epidermis that is situated closest to the dermis
Keratinocyte
Cell commonly found in the epidermis that produces keratin
Epidermal dendritic cell
Cell responsible for alerting and activating an immune response to a bacterial or viral invasion
Melanocyte
Cell that produces a pigment known as melanin
List and describe the three types of epithelial membranes.
Cutaneous membrane is: a. skin b. dry c. composed of keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying connective tissue is often dense and fibrous. 2. Mucous membrane: a. is moist b. is found lining all body cavities that open to the exterior c. often contains stratified squamous epithelium or simple columnar epithelium 3. Serous membrane: a. is composed of two layers (visceral layer covers the organ in the cavity while the parietal layer lines the walls of the ventral body cavity) b. covers organs in body cavities that are closed to the exterior c. is constructed of simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin?
D
Joe just burned his hand on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful; Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree, or full-thickness, burn
F
Milia is most common during old age when secretions accumulate in the sebaceous glands
F
The ABCD rule is used for classifying burns.
F
The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.
F
Serous membranes line and lubricate joint cavities such as the knee.
FALSE
When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the capillaries of the skin will dilate so that blood will flush into skin capillary beds and heat will be dissipated.
FALSE
Collagen and elastic fibers are common in the epidermis of the skin.
False
Sebaceous glands may be classified as eccrine or apocrine depending on their locations
False
Sebaceous glands release sweat to help control body temperature.
False
Subcutaneous tissue
Hypodermis
Which of the following is a vital function of the skin?
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D.
Stratum corneum
Superficial layer of the epidermis made of 20-30 cell layers of dead, keratin-filled cells
Apocrine gland secretions are normally odorless, and may be milky or yellowish in color.
T
Squamous cell carcinoma arises from cells of the stratum spinosum.
T
The rule of nines is used to estimate how much of the body surface is burned.
T
Cutaneous membranes are the only dry membranes.
TRUE
Explain how the skin helps regulate body temperature
The system that controls temp is the nervous system, which means that it can regulate functions of the skin. When an outside temp is high, there is heat loss which makes the nervous system activate sweat glands. Then, perspiration is made which then evaporates from the skin surface. On the other hand, when the temp outside is low the nervous system does not allow blood to enter the skin capillary system and radiation to body exterior is prevented so perspiration doesn't occur.
Hair is produced by the hair bulb and is composed primarily of dead keratinized cells
True
Nails and hair are composed of keratin.
True
The dermis is composed mostly of dense connective tissue.
True
The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium.
True
The majority of the cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes.
True
The pattern that produces fingerprints is produced by dermal papillae in the dermis
True
The pinkish hue of healthy individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the dermis.
True
Papillary layer of dermis
Upper layer of the dermis that forms dermal papillae
Which of the following is an indication of melanoma?
a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors
A genetic switch turns on male pattern baldness in response to ______
age
"Goosebumps" are caused by contractions of the _
arrector pili muscles
Hairs are found associated with the ______
axillary region
Sebum is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT __
body temperature regulation
The secretion of sweat is stimulated _______
both by high temperatures and by hormones, especially male hormones
People who produce a lot of melanin have a skin tone that is
brown
First-degree burn
burn in which only the epidermis becomes red and swollen
Malignant melanoma
cancer of melanocytes
Squamous cell carcinoma
cancer of stratum spinosum cells
Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is caused by a herpes simplex infection?
cold sores
The outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized and known as stratum ______
corneum
The only dry membrane is the
cutaneous membrane
Dandruff
dry, dead flakes of stratum corneum
The type of gland responsible for body temperature regulation is the ________ gland
eccrine (sweat or sudoriferous)
The two main layers of skin are ______
epidermis and dermis
Third-degree, or full-thickness, burn
full thickness burn of the skin in which the skin becomes blackened or blanched (gray-white)
Synovial fluid reduces friction _______
in movable joints such as the knee
Acne
infection of the sebaceous gland and the formation of pimples
Boils and carbuncles
inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands
The skin and its derivatives (nails, glands, and hairs) form the ____
integumentary system
Which of the following abnormal skin colors results from liver disorders?
jaundice
Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is ________.
keratin
Nails are composed of ________
keratin
Where are mucous membranes found?
lining the inside of the stomach
Basal cell carcinoma
malignancy of the lowest epidermal layer
Hair color is due to a pigment known as __
melanin
The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to ____
melanin
The three pigments that contribute to skin color are ________, ________, and ________.
melanin; carotene; hemoglobin
What skin disorder is recognized using the ABCD rule?
melanoma
The secretions of the eccrine glands are ____
mostly water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid, and vitamin C
Type of membrane adapted for absorption or secretion
mucous membrane
Type of membrane that lines open body cavities
mucous membrane
Fingerprints and footprints in the epidermis are created by dermal papillae present in the
papillary layer of the dermis
Which of the following kills bacteria and prevents bacterial invasions of the skin?
sebum
The type of burn that involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis and is red, blistered, and painful is termed as a ________-degree burn.
second
The pleura and pericardium are examples of ________ membranes that cover organs in a body cavity closed to the exterior.
serous
Which membrane is constructed of a visceral and parietal layer?
serous
Peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are examples of this type of membrane
serous membrane
Type of membrane that contains a visceral and a parietal layer
serous membrane
Type of membrane that secretes fluids around organs
serous membrane
Dermatitis
skin inflammation
Impetigo
staphylococcus bacterial infection causing water-filled lesions, commonly around the mouth and nose
The epidermis is composed of _____
stratified squamous epithelium
A splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis on your foot. This layer is the
stratum basale
The layer of the epidermis in which cells die because of their inability to get nutrients and oxygen is the clear layer called _____
stratum lucidum
Jan got her microscope slides mixed up in lab as they were unlabeled. The slide with abundant adipose tissue should be labeled as the ______
subcutaneous tissue
The ________ membrane lines the fibrous capsule surrounding joints
synovial
Type of membrane that lines the fibrous capsules surrounding joints
synovial membrane
Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane?
synovial membrane
A physician estimates the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient by ________.
using the rule of 9s
Herpes simplex
virus that produces cold sores
The layer of the serous membrane that covers an organ is known as the ________ layer.
visceral
The deepest layer of the serous membrane covering the outer surface of the heart is the
visceral pericardium
Type of membrane that forms the skin
Peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are examples of this type of membrane
