Chap 5: Human Development

___ motor skills involve the coordination of the actions of many smaller muscles, along with information from the eyes, the in the service of some task, for example turning knobs or fastening buttons

Fine

Studies with the visual cliff show that by the time babies are able to crawl, they can perceive ___

depth

The rapid and innate learning of the caregivers' characteristics is considered ___ in some animals, especially birds

imprinting

Which type of environment creates more complex neural connections?

normal and enriched

Prenatal programming is the process of

events in the womb altering the development of physical and psychological health

By what age are children able to hold objects?

four months

In the germinal stage, ___ is the name of the fertilized egg

zygote

___ is Piaget's third stage of cognitive development and spans from 6-11 years of age

Concrete Operational stage

__ is the recognition that volume or other measurement remains the same when an object's shape or size changes

Conservation

The process of how genotype becomes phenotype, and therefore, how we change and remain the same over the course of a lifetime is called

Human Development

What person, more than any other is associated with the study of cognitive development in children?

Jean Piaget

The person responsible for the most well-known account of moral development is Lawrence ___

Kohlberg

__ is the consistently unique way in which an individual behaves over time and in many different situations

Personality

___ stage is the second stage of cognitive development where symbolic thoughts emerge

Preoperational

The embryo is the termed used to describe the developing organism from 2-8 weeks after

conception

The germinal stage begins at ___ and lasts the first two weeks

conception

Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning is ___ level and consists of a person's values such as caring, and trust

conventional

The ___ child is unpredictable in daily functions, unhappy most of the time, and slow to adapt to new situations

difficult

Fine motor skill development in children is displayed in five year olds' ability to

dress themselves print letter use silverware

There are typically three categories of temperaments in children, slow to warm up, difficult, and ___ child

easy

The tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective is

egocentrism

The ___ stage is the second prenatal stage, which begins in the second week after the blastocyst is firmly implanted in the wall of the uterus, when all of the major organs form

embryonic

The __ stage begins the formation of bone cells at 8-weeks after conception and ends at birth

fetal

For the developing ___, bone cells begin to form, organs continue to grow and mature, and rapid growth occurs

fetus

What is the pattern of myelination from birth to adulthood?

few neurons are myelinated at birth but with age more and more become so

When adolescents begin to develop increased logic, Piaget would say they are in the ___ operational stage

formal

A child with ___ attachment cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and shows difficulty in returning to play

insecure-resistant

What is the importance of pruning?

it helps make the brain more efficient

The longer a child stays in a deprived environment, the ___ likely they will be to recover

less

Which of the following best describes the visual capability of a newborn?

newborns can see things within inches of them; beyond that most things are blurry

Kelly knows when her ball rolls under the desk and she no longer sees it, she can crawl over and reach for the ball. Kelly knows that even though she does not see the ball it still exists. This is the development of ___ permanence

object

The term ___ permanence refers to the newly acquired cognitive advancement when a child knows that items still exist even when he or she does not see the items

object

The group of people who share equal standing or status and are at the same level in terms of age, gender are often referred to as

peers

Nature's way of making the brain more efficient is a process called pruning

pruning

Which Piaget stage involves infants learning their world, from their eyes, ears, anf mouth?

sensorimotor

___ ___ is the distress reaction shown by babies when they are separated from their primary caregiver (typically shown at around 9 months of age)

separation anxiety

The ___ child is mildly intense in his or her reactions to a new situation and mildly irregular in daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating

slow-to-warm up

The ___ ___ procedure was designed to assess the quality of attachment between an infant and his or her primary caregiver

strange situation

Teratogens are

substances in the environment that can disrupt prenatal development and can cause permanent damage

Which of the following is NOT true with respect to brain development in childhood.

the rate of brain growth increases rapidly at the end of adolescence

___ of ___ refers to the ability to understand how other people's minds work

theory;mind

___ is belief that inanimate objects are alive

Animistic thinking

___ ___ is the ability to make use of social information from another person

Social referencing

___ begins before birth, and is biological basis to behavior in particular ways from very early in life

Temperament

What does it mean that the caregiver must create a secure base for the child?

The infant needs to know that the caregiver is accessible and dependable to explore the world with confidence

Why do infants respond chiefly to visual stimuli within 8-12 inches of their face?

The occipital cortex has to be stimulated by visual input to develop the proper synaptic connections