Chap 5: Human Development
___ motor skills involve the coordination of the actions of many smaller muscles, along with information from the eyes, the in the service of some task, for example turning knobs or fastening buttons
Fine
Studies with the visual cliff show that by the time babies are able to crawl, they can perceive ___
depth
The rapid and innate learning of the caregivers' characteristics is considered ___ in some animals, especially birds
imprinting
Which type of environment creates more complex neural connections?
normal and enriched
Prenatal programming is the process of
events in the womb altering the development of physical and psychological health
By what age are children able to hold objects?
four months
In the germinal stage, ___ is the name of the fertilized egg
zygote
___ is Piaget's third stage of cognitive development and spans from 6-11 years of age
Concrete Operational stage
__ is the recognition that volume or other measurement remains the same when an object's shape or size changes
Conservation
The process of how genotype becomes phenotype, and therefore, how we change and remain the same over the course of a lifetime is called
Human Development
What person, more than any other is associated with the study of cognitive development in children?
Jean Piaget
The person responsible for the most well-known account of moral development is Lawrence ___
Kohlberg
__ is the consistently unique way in which an individual behaves over time and in many different situations
Personality
___ stage is the second stage of cognitive development where symbolic thoughts emerge
Preoperational
The embryo is the termed used to describe the developing organism from 2-8 weeks after
conception
The germinal stage begins at ___ and lasts the first two weeks
conception
Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning is ___ level and consists of a person's values such as caring, and trust
conventional
The ___ child is unpredictable in daily functions, unhappy most of the time, and slow to adapt to new situations
difficult
Fine motor skill development in children is displayed in five year olds' ability to
dress themselves print letter use silverware
There are typically three categories of temperaments in children, slow to warm up, difficult, and ___ child
easy
The tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective is
egocentrism
The ___ stage is the second prenatal stage, which begins in the second week after the blastocyst is firmly implanted in the wall of the uterus, when all of the major organs form
embryonic
The __ stage begins the formation of bone cells at 8-weeks after conception and ends at birth
fetal
For the developing ___, bone cells begin to form, organs continue to grow and mature, and rapid growth occurs
fetus
What is the pattern of myelination from birth to adulthood?
few neurons are myelinated at birth but with age more and more become so
When adolescents begin to develop increased logic, Piaget would say they are in the ___ operational stage
formal
A child with ___ attachment cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and shows difficulty in returning to play
insecure-resistant
What is the importance of pruning?
it helps make the brain more efficient
The longer a child stays in a deprived environment, the ___ likely they will be to recover
less
Which of the following best describes the visual capability of a newborn?
newborns can see things within inches of them; beyond that most things are blurry
Kelly knows when her ball rolls under the desk and she no longer sees it, she can crawl over and reach for the ball. Kelly knows that even though she does not see the ball it still exists. This is the development of ___ permanence
object
The term ___ permanence refers to the newly acquired cognitive advancement when a child knows that items still exist even when he or she does not see the items
object
The group of people who share equal standing or status and are at the same level in terms of age, gender are often referred to as
peers
Nature's way of making the brain more efficient is a process called pruning
pruning
Which Piaget stage involves infants learning their world, from their eyes, ears, anf mouth?
sensorimotor
___ ___ is the distress reaction shown by babies when they are separated from their primary caregiver (typically shown at around 9 months of age)
separation anxiety
The ___ child is mildly intense in his or her reactions to a new situation and mildly irregular in daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating
slow-to-warm up
The ___ ___ procedure was designed to assess the quality of attachment between an infant and his or her primary caregiver
strange situation
Teratogens are
substances in the environment that can disrupt prenatal development and can cause permanent damage
Which of the following is NOT true with respect to brain development in childhood.
the rate of brain growth increases rapidly at the end of adolescence
___ of ___ refers to the ability to understand how other people's minds work
theory;mind
___ is belief that inanimate objects are alive
Animistic thinking
___ ___ is the ability to make use of social information from another person
Social referencing
___ begins before birth, and is biological basis to behavior in particular ways from very early in life
Temperament
What does it mean that the caregiver must create a secure base for the child?
The infant needs to know that the caregiver is accessible and dependable to explore the world with confidence
Why do infants respond chiefly to visual stimuli within 8-12 inches of their face?
The occipital cortex has to be stimulated by visual input to develop the proper synaptic connections