chapt 6, chapt 5 quizz, chapt 4, chapt 3, chapt 2 question 2, chapter 10, Psy Exam 2 Part 2, Chapter 02 - Where to Start, chapt 14 quizz, EXAM 2 Research Methods

Dr. Harrison used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies on the effects of exercise on mood. Identify the technique employed by him. A. Meta-analysis B. Analysis of variance C. Literature review D. Causal analysis

. Meta-analysis

he American Psychological Association computer database that stores the contents of Psychological Abstracts is

. PsycINFO.

What is most likely to be true of a study conducted on a group of males to analyze the effects of room temperature on task performance? A. The study has high external validity. B. Temperature does not affect men's task performance. C. The findings of the study cannot be generalized to females . D. Task performance is a confounding variable in the study.

. The findings of the study cannot be generalized to females

Using the Boolean operator OR when performing a search on PsycINFO will

. expand the search.

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many interactions are possible?

1

In a 4 × 3 factorial design, for a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants are needed?

120

A 4 × 5 factorial design would have _____ conditions.

20

In a 4 × 3 factorial design, for a completely repeated measures design, how many participants are needed in order to have 20 participants per condition?

20

Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and the amount of material (low, moderate, high).

2x2x3

A 2 × 2 × 2 design results in _____ experimental conditions.

8

How many conditions and possible interactions are there in a study with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design?

8 conditions and 4 possible interactions

Which of the following is a reason why a researcher may design an experiment with more than two levels of an independent variable?

A design with only two levels of an independent variable cannot provide much information about the exact form of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about sample size?

A larger sample size is needed for increased accuracy

Identify the risk associated with pretests. A. A pretest does not necessarily enable a researcher to assess mortality effects. B. A pretest does not accurately depict whether the people who withdrew were any different from those who completed the study. C. A pretest tends to induce subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest. D. A pretest fails to provide accurate scores, although intuitively pretesting seems like a good idea.

A pretest tends to induce subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest.

Which of the following best illustrates a research idea that originates from the observation of the world?

A researcher studies the relationship between music lyrics and early sexual behavior among adolescents after watching a group listen to music.

In the context of relationship between variables, identify a difference between negative and curvilinear relationships.

A. In a negative relationship, variables have an inverse relationship; whereas in a curvilinear relationship, variables can have both increase and decrease in values.

Which statement accurately differentiates face validity and discriminant validity? A. In face validity, the content of the measure appears to reflect the construct being measured, whereas in discriminant validity, scores on the measure are not related to other measures that are theoretically different. B. In face validity, scores on the measure predict behavior on a criterion measured at a future time, whereas in discriminant validity, scores on the measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time concurrently. C. In face validity, scores on the measure are related to other measures of the same construct, whereas in discriminant validity, the content of the measure is linked to the universe of content that defines the construct. D. In face validity, scores on the measure have no correlation with construct, whereas in discriminant validity, scores on the measure are related to other measures of a different construct.

A. In face validity, the content of the measure appears to reflect the construct being measured, whereas in discriminant validity, scores on the measure are not related to other measures that are theoretically different.

Which of the following is true of split-half reliability? A. It is relatively straightforward and easy to calculate. B. It is otherwise known as Cohen's kappa. C. It is assessed by measuring the same individuals at two points in time. D. It is a commonly used indicator of interrater reliability.

A. It is relatively straightforward and easy to calculate

Principle C of the APA Ethics Code focuses on A. integrity B. justice C. responsibility D. beneficence

A. integrity

Experimental control is accomplished by: A. keeping all extraneous variables constant. B. using a control group as a standard to measure against. C. using careful operational definitions. D. paying attention to the sensitivities of the participants.

A. keeping all extraneous variables constant.

In a _____ method, relationships between variables are studied by making observations or measures of the variables of interest. A. nonexperimental B. operational C. curvilinear D. confounded

A. nonexperimental

A researcher is asked to guide the formulation of public policy on obesity. She conducts a research on the prevalent eating disorders. In this scenario, the idea behind the research originates from _____.

A. past research *B. practical problems C. theories D. common sense

An advertising agency conducted a research to analyze the effects of advertising on consumer buying behavior. It was found that higher frequency of advertising resulted in more sales of the product being advertised. In this case, there is _____ relationship between the frequency of advertising and the sales of the product. A. positive linear B. negative linear C. curvilinear D. nonlinear

A. positive linear

Data in systematic observation studies are most likely to be: A. quantitative. B. qualitative. C. hypothetical. D. nonempirical.

A. quantitative.

60. In the context of research, _____ refers to "truth" and the accurate representation of information. A. validity B. reliability C. dexterity D. ingenuity

A. validity

A _____ is any event, situation, behavior, or individual characteristic that changes. A. variable B. module C. parameter D. system

A. variable

_____ refers to the consistency or stability of a measure of behavior. A. Validity B. Reliability C. Reactivity D. Variability

B. Reliability

The question "Are you a full-time student?" with answer options "yes" or "no" is an example of a(n) _____ question.

Closed ended

Identify the type of replication that plays an important part in furthering one's understanding of behavior. A. Constructive replication B. Conceptual replication C. Exact replication D. Procedural replication

Conceptual replication

What is the difference between experimental and nonexperimental methods of study? A. Nonexperimental methods involve operational definitions, whereas experimental methods are simple observations. B. Nonexperimental methods result in definite results, whereas experimental methods simply give a broad perspective of the variables under study. C. Experimental methods have random variables, whereas nonexperimental methods have manipulated variables. D. Experimental methods involve the manipulation and control of variables, whereas nonexperimental methods require simple observation of the variables.

D. Experimental methods involve the manipulation and control of variables, whereas nonexperimental methods require simple observation of the variables.

_____ validity is the simplest indicator of construct validity of a measure. A. Predictive B. Discriminant C. Convergent D. Face

D. Face

Alfredo is developing a test to measure an individual's anxiety in new situations. If the items on the measure represent the symptoms that define the anxiety construct, the measure is said to have _____ validity. A. concurrent B. correlational C. convergent D. content

D. content

n _____ validity, scores on the measure are not related to other measures that are theoretically different. A. convergent B. divergent C. concurrent D. discriminant

D. discriminant

_____ validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized, while _____ validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables. A. Construct; statistical B. Statistical; construct C. Internal; external D. External; internal

External; internal

A researcher has second-grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons. After viewing the cartoons, the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys. The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured. This research design is an example of a(n) _____ design.

IVxPV

Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design?

It uses both—completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

Javier wants to know what teenagers believe is the most significant social problem faced by today's youth. Which type of question would be the most useful to Javier in this scenario?

Open ended

In order to study the effects of personality characteristics on intelligence, a researcher assigned participants into two groups: introverts and extroverts. The researcher then conducted an IQ test and calculated the mean scores of the two groups. Moreover, each of the participants was given a puzzle, and the time taken to solve the puzzle was noted down. In this research, which of the following are the attribute variables?

Personality characteristics—introverts and extroverts

Which of the following statements is true about pretests? A. One drawback of a pretest is that it fails to provide a researcher with an assessment of the attrition effects. B. A pretest acts as a hindrance when determining whether the people who withdrew are different from those who completed the study . C. It is often a misconception that simply taking a pretest may cause subjects to behave differently than they would without the pretest. D. Pretesting may limit the ability to generalize to populations that did not receive a pretest.

Pretesting may limit the ability to generalize to populations that did not receive a pretest.

The American Psychological Association computer database that stores the contents of Psychological Abstracts is:

PsycINFO

In the context of systematic observation, which methodological issue refers to the possibility that the presence of the observer will affect people's behaviors? A. Contiguity B. Reactivity C. Validity D. Reliability

Reactivity

____ is a potential problem when measuring behavior which causes changes in an individual's behavior when he or she is aware of being measured. A. Convergence B. Reactivity C. Validity D. Reliability

Reactivity

42. Which of the following is an example of a minimal risk research? A. Recording routine physiological data from adult participants B. Vigorous exercise by healthy volunteers C. Researches that induce stress in the volunteers D. Researches where the volunteer's behaviour is manipulated

Recording routine physiological data from adult participants

_ of results is a way of overcoming the problems of generalization that occur in a single study. A. Renormalization B. Randomization C. Revaluation D. Replication

Replication

In a survey, participants were asked if they agree with the statement "I like spending my free time with other people." They were also asked if they agree with the statement "I enjoy being alone during my free time." This type of questioning helps in identifying _____.

Response Sets

Exempt research

Risk free

_____ indicates the amount of deviation in results obtained from a sample compared to the true population value.

Sampling error

Tracy wants to study the different behavioral patterns displayed by the members of her organization through naturalistic participant observation. Which of the following will be true of her study? A. She might lose the objectivity required to conduct scientific observation. B. She will not be able to support the results of her study with multiple confirmations. C. She is unlikely to be biased and her conclusions will be free of subjectivity. D. She will most likely use quantitative statistical data rather than qualitative data.

She might lose the objectivity required to conduct scientific observation

With _____ sampling technique, each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample.

Simple random

_____ refers to the careful observation of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting. A. Archival research B. Content analysis C. Systematic observation D. Experimental analysis

Systematic observation

_____ reliability is assessed by measuring the same individuals at two points in time. A. Test-retest B. Interrater C. Alternate forms D. Split-half

Test-retest

In which section of a research article would a reader find a summary of the entire project?

The abstract

In which section of the research report would a researcher describe the practical application of an experiment's results

The discussion section

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 × 2 factorial design?

There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about closed-ended questions?

They are easier to code ended questions

Which of the following is an advantage of conducting online surveys?

They provide the researcher with immediate access to the responses

In the context of exploring past research, which of the following strategies should a researcher employ?

Use a variety of key words.

In attempting to study police officers' attitudes toward their supervisors, Alex surveys 25 police officers working in the day shift. In this case, what can help Alex ensure that his findings have external validity? A. Using a larger sample of officers working in the day shift B. Randomly assigning officers to work under specific supervisors C. Surveying officers from all shifts in the department D. Using confounding variables

Using confounding variables

Which of the following is true of interactions?

When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred.

Which one of the following statements would be appropriate for the method section of a research report?

While three men and three women discussed an issue, an experimenter measured time spent talking by using a stopwatch.

In a cross-cultural study on the topic of mortality, Vladimir examined anthropologists' descriptions of different cultural beliefs regarding life after death. Which archival approach has he most likely employed? A. Statistical records B. Survey reports C. Written records D. Self-reports

Written records

When researchers ask several questions about a topic, a respondent may employ a response set to agree or disagree with all the questions. Such a tendency is referred to as:

Yea saying or Nay saying

Participants were asked to read two poems that were written by a male or female author. They were told that one of the authors was a student majoring in English and the other an English professor. The participants rated the poem written by the professor as being of higher quality than the poem written by the student. This indicates:

a main effect of authorship.

An IV × PV design allows:

a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.

A researcher wants to test the assertion that in comparison to female politicians, male politicians in the 20th century were involved in more number of fraud cases. Which will be the most suitable observation method in this scenario?

archival research

24. The agreement by a minor to participate in an experiment is formally called _____. A. consent B. debriefing C. exempt D. assent

assent

Which of the following principles of the Belmont Report requires that individuals be capable of making deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research? A. Deliberation B. Beneficence C. Autonomy D. Justice

autonomy

Using the Internet for research may lower the external validity of a study because users are more likely to share similar characteristics. In this case, volunteers of online surveys are likely to: A. be college educated. B. have a lower income. C. live in rural areas. D. be older adults.

be college educated.

To assess the reliability of a measure, one should _____ the measure. A. directly observe the amount of true score in B. manipulate the amount of measurement error in C. systematically study the variables of D. calculate the correlation coefficient of the scores of

calculate the correlation coefficient of the scores of

A two-year account of the progress of a manic-depressive patient who is undergoing psychiatric care is an example of _____. A. a field experiment B. a case study C. participant observation D. naturalistic observation

case study

The observational method that provides a description of an individual is called _____. A. systematic observation B. concealed observation C. a field experiment D. a case study

case study

. In research, _____ occurs when there is active misrepresentation of information about the nature of a study. A. deception B. plagiarism C. fidelity D. nonmaleficence

deception

In Milgram's study on obedience, informing the participants that it was experiment on learning and memory is an example of _____. A. plagiarism B. deception C. informed consent D. debriefing

deception

. A(n) _____ replication is an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. A. abstract B. conceptual C. exact D. procedural

exact

Anonymous questionnaires, surveys, and educational tests are all considered _____ research.

exempt

In the context of validity, when examining a single study, we find internal validity to be generally in conflict with _____ validity. A. subject B. construct C. external D. situational

externa

When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations, the study is said to have _____ validity. A. statistical B. internal C. external D. construct

external

Margaret, a researcher, desires to conduct a field experiment to determine the effects of a shopping mall's ambience on consumer purchase behavior. However, she has to deal with other influencing factors such as noise, crowd, and space distribution. She desires to avoid them by using randomization. In this context, noise, crowd, and space are _____ variables. A. internal B. construct C. extraneous D. linear

extraneous

. Alfred and Frida are movie reviewers for the local newspaper. After watching the same movie, they both assign 5 stars for the movie. Based on their ratings, it can be concluded that there is _____. A. high test-retest reliability B. high interrater reliability C. low reactivity D. low convergent validity

high interrater reliability

A researcher poses the following question: "Does the breed of a dog determine its ability to learn complex interactive skills?"

hypothesis

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself.

independent

Individuals with work experience and those without work experience are given identical resumes of a male or female applicant and asked to indicate the likelihood that they would hire the individual. The PV in this design is:

individuals with or without wok experience.

Victor is writing a section of a research report that shows how past research and theory are connected to the current research problem and expected results. Victor is most likely writing the _____ section of the research report.

introduction

Testing common sense ideas

is valuable because such notions often turn out to be incorrect.

A researcher states that "anxiety decreases performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This means that there is a(n)_____.

main effect of anxiety

. In the context of components of a measure, a reliable measure of intelligence must contain relatively low _____. A. validity B. coefficient C. true score D. measurement error

measurement error

In the context of components of a measure, a test containing high _____ is associated with greater variability. A. true score B. measurement error C. reliability D. validity

measurement error

In _____, the researcher makes observations of individuals in their natural environments. A. naturalistic observations B. laboratory experiments C. observational learning D. environmental researches

naturalistic observations

The real purpose of the Milgram study was to study:

obedience to authority.

An IV × PV design has:

one manipulated and one nonmanipulated variable.

A food critic rates restaurants according to the quality of food, service, and atmosphere. She assigns 4 stars for excellent, 3 for good, 2 for fair, and 1 star for poor. In the context of scales of measurement, this is an example of a(n) _____ scale. A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio

ordinal

A failure to replicate could mean that the: A. original results are invalid. B. replication attempt is flawless. C. research findings are generalizable. D. experimenter is unbiased.

original results are invalid.

The data in naturalistic observation studies are primarily _____ in nature. A. quantitative B. qualitative C. subjective D. objective

qualitative

. When the conclusions of research are based on the interpretations of the investigator, _____ research has been employed. However, if the conclusions are based upon statistical analyses of the data, _____ research has been employed. A. nonobservational; observational B. qualitative; quantitative C. quantitative; qualitative D. observational; nonobservational

qualitative; quantitative

A valid criticism of the use of college students in a particular study would include: A. reasons that the study's effects could not be found in other groups. B. reasons for changing the procedure to accommodate other variables. C. references to the ways to eliminate demand characteristics found in the study . D. references to previous studies conducted using the same variables.

reasons that the study's effects could not be found in other groups.

A limitation of using laboratory experiments to study relationships among variables is that they have A. very limited internal validity. B. strong external validity but limited construct validity. C. strong internal validity but limited external validity. D. very limited randomization of variables.

strong internal validity but limited external validity

Naturalistic observation is less useful than other research methods for: A. investigating complex social settings . B. developing theories based on observation. C. making observations in a natural setting over an extended period of time. D. studying well-defined hypotheses under precisely specified conditions.

studying well-defined hypotheses under precisely specified conditions

If the prediction "Participants who consume alcohol will score lower on a reaction time test than participants who do not consume alcohol" is confirmed, we can say the hypothesis is _____.

supported

When the results of an experiment are consistent with a prediction developed from a theory, we conclude that the theory is:

supported by the results.

A hypothesis is

tentative statement about something that may be true.

A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent if: A. animals were used while conducting experiments for the research. B. participants were not debriefed after the completion of the study. C. the data has been changed in order to support the hypotheses. D. the researcher has used any form of survey to collect the data.

the data has been changed in order to support the hypotheses.

An interaction occurs whenever:

the effect of one independent variable changes across levels of a second independent variable.

Which of the following is true of a 2 × 3 factorial design?

there are 6 conditions

Factorial designs are often employed because:

they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions.

In order to find a curvilinear relationship, the researcher needs to use:

three or more levels of the independent variable.

The use of only college students, volunteers, or participants from one locale _____ the _____ validity of a study. A. enhances; internal B. weakens; external C. enhances; external D. weakens; internal

weakens; external

A researcher studies letters to the editor of a magazine to assess community attitudes. The research method used in this scenario can be regarded as _____. A. statistical records B. survey archives C. written records D. case studies

written records

In the context of archival research, _____ are documents such as diaries and letters that have been preserved by historical societies. A. survey archives B. statistical records C.written recordsD. verbal statements

written records

In _____ validity, scores on the measure are related to other measures of the same construct. A. convergent B. face C. concurrent D. predictive

A. convergent

Toby, a researcher, finds that his score on honesty has a high correlation with his score on integrity, which are both measures of character. In the context of construct validity of measures, this finding is an example of _____ validity. A. convergent B. discriminant C. face D. predictive

A. convergent

If a measure is reliable, then a researcher must find a: A. high positive correlation coefficient between scores on the measure. B. negative linear relationship between the two variables being studied. C. correlation coefficient of zero. D. low amount of true score.

A. high positive correlation coefficient between scores on the measure.

When the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable is plotted in a graph, the independent variable is always placed on the _____ axis.

A. horizontal

A disadvantage of naturalistic observation is that it cannot be used to: A. study all issues or phenomena. B. investigate complex social settings. C. provide a complete picture of what occurred in a setting. D. develop theories based on the observations of the study.

A. study all issues or phenomena.

Participant variables are also called _____ variables. A. subject B. construct C. external D. situational

A. subject

Which of the following is true of factorial designs?

All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable.

Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out 3 days a week, while other participants worked out 5 days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study.

Amount of exercise and frequency of exercise

A researcher wants to test the assertion that in comparison to female politicians, male politicians in the 20th century were involved in more number of fraud cases. Which will be the most suitable observation method in this scenario? A. Archival research B. Survey C. Naturalistic observation D. Field experiment

Archival research

n the context of relationship between variables, when the graph is simply a flat line, it shows that there is _____ between the two variables. A. a positive linear relationship B. no relationship C. a curvilinear relationship D. a negative linear relationship

B. no relationship

Dr. Sears, a psychologist, observes that the more time individuals spend in a department store, the more purchases they tend to make. The research method used in this study is the _____ method. A. confounded B. nonexperimental C. operational D. curvilinear

B. nonexperimental

The _____ definition of a variable is the set of procedures used to measure or manipulate it. A. technical B. operational C. general D. legal

B. operational

Personal attributes such as gender, nationality, and age are also called _____ variables. A. internal B. participant C. confounding D. situational

B. participant

When a nonexperimental method is used for a study, there is a danger that no causal relationship exists between the two variables being studied. This phenomenon is known as a(n) _____ relationship. A. confounded B. spurious C. operational D. curvilinear

B. spurious

. Julia observes a child's behavior after he had watched 15 minutes of violent cartoons. She codes the child's behavior every 30 seconds based on the number of times he hits, kicks, pushes, or bites another child. This observational technique can best be described as _____ observation. A. naturalistic B. systematic C. random D. archival

B. systematic

Observing the honking patterns and hand gestures displayed by drivers to understand aggressive driving behaviors is an example of _____ observation. A. concealed B. systematic C. qualitative D. archival

B. systematic

A researcher codes the nonverbal behaviors of married couples while they are discussing child-rearing methods. The method of study used in this scenario is _____. A. naturalistic observation B. systematic observation C. a survey D. a case study

B. systematic observation

4. A psychologist develops a measure of self-esteem in order to study the variable of self-esteem. He then conducts a number of studies investigating the differences between candidates who score low and candidates who score high on self-esteem. He does so to devise an accurate method of studying self-esteem. In this case, the psychologist is trying to establish _____. A. construct validity B. internal validity C. reliability D. reactivity

construct validity

A researcher studies the effect of interpersonal distance (near, far) and personality type (introvert, extrovert) on feelings of anxiety. The researcher has used a(n) _____ design.

IVxPV factorial

Ciara finds a high correlation between her scores on intimacy and self-disclosure, which are both measures of emotional quotient. In the context of indicators of construct validity of a measure, Ciara's scores indicate _____ validity. A. face B. convergent C. predictive D. discriminant

convergent

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods of describing behavior? A. Qualitative research focuses on people behaving in natural settings, whereas quantitative research focuses on specific behaviors that can be easily counted. B. Quantitative research emphasizes collecting information from a few individuals, whereas qualitative research emphasizes collecting data from higher number of individuals. C. Quantitative research draws conclusions based on interpretations of the investigator, whereas conclusions in qualitative research are based upon statistical analysis of data. D. Quantitative research focuses on people describing their world in their own words, whereas qualitative research focuses on people describing their experiences under experimental conditions.

Qualitative research focuses on people behaving in natural settings, whereas quantitative research focuses on specific behaviors that can be easily counted.

Exercise is a measure of physical fitness. However, exercise also correlates with good health, which is also a measure of physical fitness. This type of correlation between two measures of the same construct is an example of _____ validity. A. convergent B. divergent C. face D. internal

convergent

In the context of reliability, reliability coefficient shows _____ between two variables. A. correlation B. randomization C. reactivity strength D. construct validity

correlation

In the context of psychological research, the variable that is considered to be the effect is called the _____ variable. A. operational B. dependent C. hypothetical D. mediating

dependent

Television documentaries in which individuals let filmmakers record their private moments are an example of _____. A. experimental research B. nonconcealed observation C. content analysis D. archival studies

nonconcealed observation

Toby wants to see whether packaging information affects the way people rate breakfast cereal. The same cereal is put in three kinds of packages: a brown box that says "To start your day off with a smile"; a yellow box that says "For extra energy all day"; and a white box that says "Fortified with B complex and iron." In this study, the:

package information is confounded with the color of the box.

. The "Mozart effect" provides an interesting example of the importance of _____. A. replications B. statistical interactions C. meta-analysis D. interactions

replications

One solution to the problem of generalizing to other experimenters is to use _____. A. two or more experimenters B. a field experimental technique C. computers to test participants D. quasi-experiments

two or more experimenters

An educational researcher examines the effect of speaker credibility on attitude change in university and community college students. The PV in this design is the:

type of student

. The term _____ implies that there is randomness in events. A. constancy B. uniformity C. reliability D. uncertainty

uncertainty

A researcher employs an IV × PV design to examine attitudes toward cheating. She presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam. The same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university. After reading the account, the students were asked to assign an appropriate punishment. The PV in this design would be the:

university attended (private or public).

Compared to the general population, college students tend to have _____. A. a well-developed sense of self-identity B. a low need for peer approval C. low cognitive skills D. unstable peer relationships

unstable peer relationships

A researcher replicates a past study that manipulates the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using photographs instead of written descriptions. This technique would be an example of _____ replication. A. procedural B. abstract C. exact D. conceptual

conceptual

The use of different procedures to replicate a research finding is called a(n) _____ replication. A. exact B. procedural C. conceptual D. abstract

conceptual

Using the nonexperimental method, a researcher collects data on exercise and anxiety from a number of people and finds that exercise is negatively related to anxiety—that is, the people who exercise more tend to have lower levels of anxiety. What does this scenario demonstrate? A. Temporal precedence B. Covariation between variables C. Elimination of possible causes D. Non-sufficient element of inference of cause

B. Covariation between variables

Roberto bullies his younger brother in the absence of his parents. However, when they are around, he is very affectionate toward his brother. In this scenario, Roberto's behavior best exemplifies _____. A. contiguity B. reactivity C. proximity D. reliability

-B. reactivity

WHAT is IRB (INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD)

-Institutions that receives federal funds must have an IRB -Responsible for reviewing research at the institution

Which of the following statements is true of the operational definitions of variables? A. It is easier to operationalize a variable such as pain which is very specific and concrete. B. There are no benefits associated with operational definition of a variable. C. A variable must have an operational definition to be studied empirically. D. Operational definition of a variable forces scientists to discuss concrete concepts in abstract terms.

. A variable must have an operational definition to be studied empirically.

Which of the following statement is true of the four scales of measurement? A. Ratio scales have no numerical or quantitative properties. B. Nominal scales allow researchers to rank order the levels of a variable being studied. C. In an interval scale, the intervals between the numbers are equal in size. D. In an ordinal scale, the categories cannot be ordered from first to last.

. In an interval scale, the intervals between the numbers are equal in size.

Which of the following is true of greater than minimal risk research? A. It requires full IRB review and special ethical procedures may be imposed . B. It involves conducting anonymous surveys and cognitive aptitude tests. C. It puts participants at risk that is similar to those encountered in daily life. D. It is, in most cases, exempt from review and therefore called exempt research.

. It requires full IRB review and special ethical procedures may be imposed

Survey archives are beneficial because they: A. are useful for examining rare or unusual events. B. allow researchers to save time and money in collecting data . C. help in examining specific behaviors of an individual. D. help researchers to explain the life of an individual.

. allow researchers to save time and money in collecting data

A psychologist had one group of participants eat ice cream that was packaged in a red carton, whereas another group of participants ate the same flavored ice cream packaged in a green carton. Participants then indicated how much they liked the ice cream on a 1-5 rating scale. The independent variable in this experiment is the _____. A. participants' ratings B. gender of the participants C. color of the carton D. flavor of the ice cream

. color of the carton

In _____ validity, scores on the measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time. A. face B. divergent C. concurrent D. predictive

. concurrent

One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to: A. use simple random sampling rather than purposive sampling. B. conduct the same experiment with and without the pretest. C. ask participants whether the pretests were a problem. D. use a double-blind technique.

. conduct the same experiment with and without the pretest

According to Pearson product-movement correlation coefficient, a correlation of 0.00 shows that the two variables are: A. not related. B. positively related. C. negatively related. D. strongly related.

. not related.

_____ sampling has the advantage of a built-in assurance that the sample will accurately reflect the numerical composition of the various subgroups.

Stratified random

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: temperature (low or high); illumination level (low or high); and time of testing (day or night). For a completely repeated measures design, how many participants would the researcher require in order to have 10 participants per condition?

10

A researcher attempts to study the effects of alcohol on task performance. One factor is alcohol—alcohol treatment versus placebo control—and the other factor is task difficulty—easy versus difficult. If the researcher uses a completely repeated measures design with 15 participants per condition, how many participants will he need for the study?

15

A researcher examined judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident by manipulating the type of injuries received (none, mild, or severe) and the time of the accident (7 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., or 3 a.m.). How many main effects are possible in this study?

2

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many main effects are possible?

2

A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure. However, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of a(n) _____ type of design.

2 × 2 mixed factorial

An investigator wants to test the effectiveness of visualization on sports performance. She randomly assigns participants to two groups. Participants in the visualization group imagine themselves swinging a golf club perfectly for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. Participants in the control group read Golf magazine for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. All participants do this procedure each day for five days. The dependent measure, the average flight distance of the ball, is calculated for each participant after each session. This is an example of a _____ design.

2 × 5 mixed factorial

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot); noise level (quiet or loud); and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects.

3

A study involves a 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied?

3

How many main effects are possible in a study with a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design?

3

A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, or icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. In this design, there are _____ possible main effects and _____ possible interactions.

3;4

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old); gender (male, female); and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents.

3x2x2

A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, or icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. This design is an example of a _____ factorial.

3x2x2

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the weight of an individual (normal, over); age (young, middle, old); and gender (male, female). How many interactions are possible?

4

A researcher attempts to study the effect of fear arousal on attitude change. One group experiences no fear while the other group experiences a very high level of fear. Results show no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which of the following should have been used in the research?

A third group with a moderate level of fear

Which of the following is an example of a minimal risk research?A. Recording routine physiological data from adult participantsB. Vigorous exercise by healthy volunteersC. Researches that induce stress in the volunteersD. Researches where the volunteer's behaviour is manipulated

A. Recording routine physiological data from adult participants

Which of the following is an accurate statement about participant observation? A. The researcher may lose the objectivity to conduct scientific observation. B. The researcher will not be able to experience events in the same way as natural participants. C. The researcher does not become an active part of the setting. D. The researcher always makes unbiased observations.

A. The researcher may lose the objectivity to conduct scientific observation

Which of the following is a basic ethical principle included in the Belmont Report?

A. The risks included in the research investigations should be high. *B. The participants in the investigation are treated as autonomous decision makers. C. All information regarding their involvement need not be disclosed to the participants. D. There need not be any justification to bear the burden of accepting risks.

In the context of different methods of study, identify the primary advantage of field experiments over laboratory experiments. A. Variables are investigated in a natural context. B. The third variable problem is eliminated. C. Randomization procedures are simpler. D. It has a high degree of control.

A. Variables are investigated in a natural context.

researcher can increase the number of test items in a questionnaire to increase _____ of the study. A. predictivity B. reliability C. reactivity D. variability

C. reactivity

Which of the following is an accurate statement about systematic observation? A. Systematic observation research is much more global than naturalistic observation research. B. In systematic observation studies, the researcher frequently has developed prior hypotheses about the behaviors. C. Very few behaviors can be studied using systematic observation. D. Systematic observation is sometimes called field work or simply field observation.

B. In systematic observation studies, the researcher frequently has developed prior hypotheses about the behaviors.

Which of the following statements best describes construct validity? A. It refers to one's ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships. B. It refers to the adequacy of the operational definition of variables. C. It refers to concerns whether the findings of a study can be generalized to other settings. D. It refers to the accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect.

B. It refers to the adequacy of the operational definition of variables.

In a systematic observation study, two different people use the same coding system to analyze the same videotape. The level of agreement between the two observers is then determined. Which methodological issue in systematic observation does this activity address? A. Reactivity B. Reliability C. Sampling D. Validity

B. Reliability

Harvey examines baseball records to determine whether National League teams who play the final game of the World Series at home lose more often than American League teams. Which of the following archival research approaches is Harvey using in this scenario? A. Survey archives B. Statistical records C. Self-report D. Anthropological data

B. Statistical records

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using field experiments? A. The independent variable is studied in an artificial environment. B. The researcher loses the ability to directly control many aspects of the situation. C. Randomization of confounding variables becomes complex. D. It is difficult to establish operational definitions.

B. The researcher loses the ability to directly control many aspects of the situation.

A researcher investigated the relationship between alcohol intake and reaction time using a driving simulation task. Participants drank either one ounce or three ounces of alcohol. Their reaction time was measured in terms of the speed with which they braked on seeing a red light during the simulated driving task. In this case, the dependent variable in the experiment is the _____. A. amount of alcohol B. braking speed C. red light D. degree of intoxication

B. braking speed

A numerical index of the strength of relationship between variables is called a _____ coefficient. A. random B. correlation C. linear D. biaxial

B. correlation

A researcher has developed a measure of a person's ability to detect colors. He finds the measure is not related to a person's spelling ability, which is a different type of measure. This finding is an example of _____ validity. A. convergent B. discriminant C. face D. concurrent

B. discriminant

A researcher desires to understand the effect of child abuse on an individual's personality and attitude. He forms two groups of participants for the study. The first group contains people who were abused during their childhood and the second group contains people who had normal childhood. This type of division of people based on actual differences rather than through random assignment is called _____ design A. ad lib B. ex post facto C. variable D. randomized

B. ex post facto

Ron, a researcher at Texo Labs, desires to conduct his study in a shopping mall to understand the factors influencing the shopping preferences of customers. In the context of methods of study, Ron is conducting a(n) _____ experiment. A. artificial B. field C. laboratory D. construct

B. field

21. Before conducting the experiment, Helga explains to the participants the purpose of the study and tells them that participation is voluntary and they can withdraw if they want. This shows that the experiment involves _____. A. deception B. informed consent C. role-playing D. psychological withdrawal

B. informed consent

. Cohen's kappa is a commonly used indicator of _____ reliability. A. test-retest B. interrater C. item-total D. split-half

B. interrater

The management at Burgerjoy, a small restaurant, finds that the lower the price of hamburgers, the more hamburgers are sold. This is an example of _____ relationship between price and number of hamburgers sold. A. positive linear B. negative linear C. curvilinear D. nonlinear

B. negative linear

Which of the following statements is true of the nonexperimental method? A. With the nonexperimental method, one variable is manipulated and the other is then measured. B. The problem of direction of cause and effect is not the most serious drawback to the nonexperimental method. C. Both variables can be directly manipulated and controlled to arrive at results. D. It eliminates the influence of all potential confounding third variables on the dependent variable.

B.The problem of direction of cause and effect is not the most serious drawback to the nonexperimental method.

Current ethical guidelines for both behavioral and medical researchers have their origins in the:

Belmont Report.

Identify a similarity between content validity and face validity. A. Both focus on scores on the measures that are not related to other measures that are theoretically different. B. Both focus on scores on the measures that are related to other measures of the same construct. C. Both focus on assessing whether the content of a measure reflects the meaning of the construct being measured. D. Both are important when studying measures that are designed to improve researchers' ability to make predictions.

Both focus on assessing whether the content of a measure reflects the meaning of the construct being measured

_____ validity concerns whether the methods of studying variables are accurate. A. Linear B. External C. Construct D. Internal

C. Construct

Which of the following in experimental method ensures that an extraneous variable is just as likely to affect one experimental group as it is to affect the other group? A. Operationalization B. Construct validity C. Randomization D. Correlation coefficient

C. Randomization

In which of the following research methods do researchers use coding systems to measure behaviors? A. Archival research B. Naturalistic observation C. Systematic observation D. Case studies

C. Systematic observation

To assess the reliability of a measure, Julie administers different versions of the same test to the same individuals at two points in time. This procedure is an example of _____ reliability. A. test-retest B. interrater C. alternate forms D. split-half

C. alternate forms

Random variability exists because relationships between variables: A. can only be positive or negative. B. are curvilinear. C. are rarely perfect. D. can only be monotonic.

C. are rarely perfect.

A researcher desires to study the relationship between stress and an employee's ability to perform at work. However, he finds that there is no direct relationship between the two. He also notices that presence of a supervisor in the environment is establishing a relationship between stress and employee's ability to perform. In this context, supervisor's presence is acting as a _____ variable. A. dependent B. participant C. confounding D. situational

C. confounding

The positive and negative signs in the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient provide information about the: A. strength of a relationship. B. true score of a measure. C. direction of a relationship. D. measurement error of a measure.

C. direction of a relationship

In the context of study of relationships between variables, _____ method involves direct manipulation and control of variables. A. confounded B. operational C. experimental D. curvilinear

C. experimental

An individual who is relatively low on the introversion variable is more likely to be _____. A. reactive B. depressed C. extraverted D. submissive

C. extraverted

Researches involving physical stress, psychological stress, invasion of privacy, measures of sensitive information where participants may be identified are known as _____ researches. A. exempt B. minimal risk C. greater than minimal risk D. low risk

C. greater than minimal risk

In the context of variables and measurement scales, the difference between the numbers on the scale is meaningful in a(n) _____ scale. A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. cardinal

C. interval

A major difference between systematic observation and naturalistic observation is that systematic observation: A. studies behavior in a natural setting, whereas naturalistic observation does not. B. employs concealed observation, whereas naturalistic observation employs nonconcealed observation. C. observes specific behaviors in specific settings unlike naturalistic observation. D. is much more global than naturalistic observation research.

C. observes specific behaviors in specific settings unlike naturalistic observation.

Jim, a psychiatrist, is developing a method to study mood swings in individuals. He asks individuals to describe the frequency and intensity of mood swings and rates them on a scale of 1 to 10. He desires to develop treatment plan according to average outcomes of frequency and intensity of mood swings. In this context, Jim is trying to _____ the variable "mood swing. A. describe B. theorize C. operationalize D. internalize

C. operationalize

In the context of construct validity of measures, tests that are developed to evaluate future performance of students are based on _____ validity. A. convergent B. divergent C. predictive D. discriminant

C. predictive

Mike takes his temperature with a thermometer three times over a 20-minute period and observes the following measurements: 98, 106, and 89 degrees. In this context, Mike concludes that the _____ of the thermometer is _____. A. validity; high B. variability; low C. reliability; low D. reactivity; high

C. reliability; low

8. The Belmont Report's ethical principle of justice requires that: A. researchers limit studies only to those of legal age. B. participants make deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research. C. there must be fairness in receiving the benefits of research. D. potential participants in a research project should be provided with all information.

C. there must be fairness in receiving the benefits of research.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about case studies? A. Case studies are not useful for examining rare or unusual events. B. Case studies are not useful in providing descriptions of individuals. C. Case studies do not overlap with naturalistic observation. D. Case studies do not necessarily involve naturalistic observation.

Case studies do not necessarily involve naturalistic observation.

Ricardo wants to study the academic performance of graduate students in the U.S. First, he decides that he will study schools in only 15 states and randomly selects those states. He then randomly selects 30 schools from these 15 states. Over a period of 3 months, Ricardo travels to these 30 schools and studies the academic performance of their students. Identify the sampling technique used by Ricardo in this scenario.

Cluster sampling

What refers to the adequacy of the operational definition of variables? A. Reactive validity B. Split-half reliability C. Construct validity D. Interrater reliability

Construct validity

In the context of relationship between variables, when increases in the values of one variable are associated with both increases and decreases in the values of a second variable, what type of relationship is present between the variables? A. Positive linear relationship B. Nonlinear relationship C. Curvilinear relationship D. Negative linear relationship

Curvilinear relationship

A researcher finds that the more a song is played on the radio, the greater the liking for the song. However, she also finds that if the song is played too much, people start to dislike the song. In the context of relationship between variables, what type of relationship exists between the song and its likeness factor? A. Positive linear relationship B. Negative linear relationship C. No relationship D. Curvilinear relationship

D. Curvilinear relationship

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)? A. IRBs are national review agencies composed of at least three individuals. B. All members of the IRB must be from outside the institution. C. IRBs review studies conducted within and outside the institution. D. Every institution that receives federal funds must have an IRB.

D. Every institution that receives federal funds must have an IRB.

12. Adam promises his participants that they would receive extra course credits for their participation in his experiment. But he forgets to inform their instructor about this, and thus the students are not marked with the promised extra credit points. Which principle of the APA Ethics Code has Adam violated? A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence B. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity C. Justice D. Fidelity and Responsibility

D. Fidelity and Responsibility

_____ validity refers to one's ability to accurately draw conclusions about causal relationships. A. Linear B. External C. Construct D. Internal

D. Internal

. _____ reliability is the assessment of reliability using responses at only one point in time. A. Interrater B. Test-retest C. Alternate forms D. Internal consistency

D. Internal consistency

A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of participant gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 individuals. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

IVxPV

5. Which of the following is an important benefit in operationally defining a variable? A. It enables scientists to discuss concrete concepts in abstract terms. B. It ensures accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect. C. It enables to generalize the findings of a study to other settings. D. It helps researchers to communicate their ideas with others.

D. It helps researchers to communicate their ideas with others.

_____ observation is sometimes called field work or simply field observation. A. Systematic B. Experimental C. Archival D. Naturalistic

D. Naturalistic

Maria examines self-disclosure that occurs between males and females by monitoring Internet discussion groups. Which method of research does this best illustrate? A. Experimental method B. Archival research C. Case study D. Naturalistic observation

D. Naturalistic observation

An HR executive of a company studies the effect of size of project teams on the teams' performance. He found that team size was not associated with any particular change in performance. In the context of relationship between variables, what type of relationship exists between the size of project teams and their performance? A. Positive linear relationship B. Negative linear relationship C. Curvilinear relationship D. No relationship

D. No relationship

Daniela and Alicia are conducting a systematic observation study on children's aggressive behavior in the playground. Daniela concludes that boys display more aggressive behaviors than do girls, whereas Alicia concludes the opposite. Which methodological issue would be of most concern in this study? A. Reactivity B. Sampling bias C. Validity D. Reliability

D. Reliability

Face validity refers to whether or not the measure: A. yields the same score for the same participant across different circumstances. B. predicts some future behavior or outcomes. C. correlates negatively with other measures of the same variable. D. appears to accurately assess the intended variable.

D. appears to accurately assess the intended variable.

A human resources manager believes that people whose job requires converting values from the standard to the metric system will have higher math test scores than people who do not have to make these conversions. The human resource manager would be most concerned with _____ validity. A. face B. general C. divergent D. concurrent

D. concurrent

Catherine, a researcher, desires to study child behavior with age, sex, and mental stability as constant variables. She uses level of activity as an independent variable for her study. In this context, Catherine is trying to establish _____. A. ex post facto design B. internal validity C. construct validity D. experimental control

D. experimental control

In the context of variables and measurement scales, categorizing automobiles as American-made or foreign-made is an example of a(n) _____ scale. A. ratio B. ordinal C. interval D. nominal

D. nominal

In a curvilinear relationship, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by systematic increases and decreases in the values of the other variable. Due of this type of correlation between variables, curvilinear relationship is also called a(n) _____ function. A. unsystematic B. construct C. extraneous D. nonmonotonic

D. nonmonotonic

n _____ validity, scores on the measure indicate behavior on a criterion measured at a future time. A. face B. divergent C. concurrent D. predictive

D. predictive

In the context of scales of measurement, _____ scales have an absolute zero point that indicates absence of the variable being measured. A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio

D. ratio

Alan is attentive to customers when his supervisor is present but inattentive when his supervisor is absent. In this scenario, Alan's behavior exemplifies _____. A. consistency B. reliability C. validity D. reactivity

D. reactivity

0. In the context of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, the closer a correlation is to 1.00, the _____ is the relationship between two variables.

D. stronger

Which of the following is a problem with making causal statements when the nonexperimental method of study is used in research? A. Creating operational definitions B. Determining the direction of cause and effect C. Establishing a curvilinear relationship between variables D. Analyzing concrete concepts

Determining the direction of cause and effect

Stacy has a difficult time answering the question "Should parents increase the likelihood of desirable behaviors in their children by using reinforcement and punishment?" because it is a(n) _____ question.

Double Buried

Which of the following is true of exact replications? A. An exact replication is the use of different procedures to replicate a research finding. B. Exact replications are even more important than conceptual replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior. C. In exact replications, the same independent variable is operationalized in a different way. D. Exact replications often occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study.

Exact replications often occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study.

Juan, a professor of psychology, is developing a measure of skills needed for successful performance at a job. Juan includes items the job supervisor feels are relevant for the job. What type of validity would this procedure best represent?

Face validity

Juan, a professor of psychology, is developing a measure of skills needed for successful performance at a job. Juan includes items the job supervisor feels are relevant for the job. What type of validity would this procedure best represent? A. Face validity B. Convergent validity C. Discriminant validity D. Concurrent validity

Face validity

A(n) _____ is an interview with a group of about 6 to 10 individuals brought together for a period of usually 2-3 hours.

Focus group

What refers to external validity? A. Adequacy of the experimental design B. Effectiveness of the manipulation of the independent variable C. Generalizability of the research findings D. Practical application of the research findings

Generalizability of the research findings

A study that uses both manipulated and measured variables in a factorial design is called a(n) _____ design.

IV × PV

If a researcher has male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions, what kind of research design does he or she have?

IV × PV design

Which of the following is likely to improve the external validity of a research study? A. Being sure that all participants have the same ethnic background B. Including groups from various cultures C. Using only first year students and sophomores as participants D. Employing only one type of experimenter

Including groups from various cultures

What is the difference between a dependent and an independent variable? A. Independent variable is the cause, whereas a dependent variable is the effect.

Independent variable is the cause, whereas a dependent variable is the effect.

57. What is the difference between internal validity and external validity? A. Internal validity deals with accuracy of methods of studying variables, whereas external validity deals with randomization of variables present in the study. B. Internal validity deals with creation of operational definitions for procedure, whereas external validity deals with establishing curvilinear relationships between variables . C. Internal validity deals with accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect, whereas external validity deals with generalization of findings of a study to other settings. D. Internal validity deals with establishing positive linear relationships between variables, whereas external validity deals with establishing negative linear relationships between variable

Internal validity deals with accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect, whereas external validity deals with generalization of findings of a study to other settings.

_____ reliability is the extent to which raters agree in their observations. A. Split-half B. Alternate forms C. Interrater D. Rater-based

Interrater

While interviewing Lia, Matthew nods his head and smiles whenever Lia responds with an answer that he likes. Matthew's behavior is an example of:

Interviewer bias

30. Which of the following statements is true of face validity? A. It is based on future behavior or outcomes. B. It is not very sophisticated. C. It is sufficient to conclude that a measure is valid. D. It is also known as content validity.

It is not very sophisticated

Which of the following is an advantage of conducting a naturalistic observation? A. It can be used to study all issues or phenomena. B. Which of the following is an advantage of conducting a naturalistic observation? C. Its process of analysis that follows the completion of a research is simple. D. It allows studying well-defined hypotheses under precisely specified conditions.

Its process of analysis that follows the completion of a research is simple.

11. Which principle of the Belmont Report would have prevented the doctors in the Tuskegee Syphilis study from selecting only African American males in their study? A. Responsibility B. Autonomy C. Justice D. Integrity

Justice

Which of the following are ways by which researchers draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings? A. Literature reviews and meta-analyses B. Conceptual and exact replications C. Cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs D. One-tailed tests and structural equation models

Literature reviews and meta-analyses

"Do you think it is important to reduce the huge amount of money spent during festivals?" is an example of a _____ question.

Loaded

Which of the following is true of a meta-analysis when evaluating generalizations? A. In a meta-analysis, a reviewer writes a paper that summarizes and evaluates the literature. B. Researchers traditionally draw conclusions about the external validity of research findings by conducting a meta-analysis. C. Meta-analysis is a method for determining the reliability of a finding by examining the results from many different studies. D. The conclusions in a meta-analysis are based on the subjective impressions of the reviewer.

Meta-analysis is a method for determining the reliability of a finding by examining the results from many different studies

38. _____ risk is a type of research activity which means that the risks of harm to participants are no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests. A. Minor B. Manageable C. Minimal D. Moderate

Minimal

f zoologists wanted to study how tigers interact with each other in their habitats, which of these research methods will they most likely use? A. Content analysis B. Naturalistic observation C. Archival research D. Experimental analysis

Naturalistic observation

In the context of relationship between variables, what type of relationship is present between the variables when increases in the values of one variable are associated with decreases in the values of a second variable? A. Positive linear relationship B. Nonlinear relationship C. Negative linear relationship D. Curvilinear relationship

Negative linear relationship

"Do you agree that the city council members should not get an increase in their pay?" is an example of a _____ question.

Negatively Worded

Which of the following is an accurate statement about questionnaires?

Not as expensive as interviews

Which of the following is the general format for describing factorial designs?

Number of levels of first IV × Number of levels of second IV

It is important to use _____ sampling when researchers want to make precise statements about a specific population on the basis of the results of their survey.

Probability

Students are asked to evaluate the food provided in the university cafeteria on 7-point scales with bipolar adjectives such as poor-good and inexpensive-expensive. What type of scales do these measures represent?

Semantic differential

. How would a study aimed at examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases demonstrate external validity? A. Sampling only students enrolled at colleges that have not raised tuition B. Lowering tuition for one semester and raising tuition the next semester C. Focusing on the difference in attitudes between students who have experienced tuition increases and students who have not D. Showing that the results apply to college students from other universities

Showing that the results apply to college students from other universities

Which of the following Google search strategies would help researchers in conducting their research efficiently

Specify a set of "NOT" words or phrases to limit a search.

. To determine if more building permits are issued in the northern part of a city than in its southern part, Chang examines the number of building permits issued in both parts of the city over the last five years. Which of the following archival research approaches is being used by Chang? A. Case studies B. Field experiment s C. Survey archives D. Statistical records

Survey archives

Which section of a research article summarizes the hypothesis, the procedure, conclusions, and discussion usually in 120 words or less

The abstract

In which section of a research article would a reader find a description of what was done in the past and why the present study is being conducted?

The introduction

Which section of a research article is most likely to include the specific expectations of a researcher as formal hypotheses

The introduction

Which section of a research article includes a description of exactly how the study was designed and conducted

The method section

Neil conducted a study on a group of women that involved them viewing cartoons for an hour under one of two environmental conditions—either alone or with other participants. After the study, the participants rated how much they enjoyed the time spent watching the cartoons. What can be concluded based on the results of this study? A. Men enjoy viewing cartoons more in the presence of others. B. Women enjoy watching cartoons more than men. C. The study has high external validity. D. The results of the study cannot be generalized to males.

The results of the study cannot be generalized to males.

12. A consumer research firm is hired to determine which brand of laundry soap is most preferred by consumers. After surveying a sample of housewives, they find that the most preferred brand is White Suds. Which of the following is the greatest threat to external validity in this study? A. Consumers' lack of interest in laundry products B. The absence of difference in laundry soaps between manufacturers C. The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry D. Including both males and females in research investigations

The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry

A consumer research firm is hired to determine which brand of laundry soap is most preferred by consumers. After surveying a sample of housewives, they find that the most preferred brand is White Suds. Which of the following is the greatest threat to external validity in this study?A. Consumers' lack of interest in laundry productsB. The absence of difference in laundry soaps between manufacturersC. The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundryD. Including both males and females in research investigations

The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry.

A researcher finds that for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience. In this scenario, which of the following is true?

There is an interaction between gender and work experience.

Which of the following is true of conceptual replications? A. They are an attempt to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. B. They occur when a researcher builds on the findings of a prior study. C. They are not important in the social sciences because the variables used cannot be operationalized in different way s. D. They are more important than exact replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior.

They are more important than exact replications in furthering one's understanding of behavior.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of questionnaires?

They require the respondents to read and understand the question

Which of the following PsycINFO search strategies should be employed by researchers?

Use fields such as the TITLE and AUTHOR.

Which of the following in a study is most likely to produce better external validity? A. Using a random sample B. Employing nonequivalent groups C. Including only male subjects D. Having a single experimenter

Using a random sample

. In the original Mozart effect study, researchers examined the effect of exposure to classical music on spatial reasoning. In this case, exposure to classical music and spatial reasoning are examples of _____ variables. A. concrete B. conceptual C. confounded D. concurrent

conceptual

The reactivity of a measure can be reduced by: A. evaluating the participant rapidly. B. allowing participants to get accustomed to being observed. C. devising lengthy measures that require a long time for evaluation. D. recording variables directly.

allowing participants to get accustomed to being observed.

Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest:

an interaction between gender and outcome.

A researcher finds that for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired decreases as their work experience increases. This finding suggests:

an interaction between gender and work experience.

Two researchers studied the relationship of positive emotions and longevity by examining smile intensity in photographs of major league players from the past and comparing it to their age at the time of death. This research method can be regarded as an example of _____. A. naturalistic observation B. case study C. archival research D. psychobiography

archival research

In the context of reactivity of measures, a measure is said to be reactive if: A. the measurement is unobtrusive. B. same individuals are measured at two points in time during a research. C. awareness of being measured changes an individual's behavior. D. the measurement is unreliable.

awareness of being measured changes an individual's behavior.

A researcher examines the accounting records of Noren Corporation for the past five years in order to determine why the company filed for bankruptcy. This research method can be regarded as an example of: A. systematic observation. B. concealed observation. C. a field experiment. D. a case study.

case study.

In studies that require human participants, the most common population studied consists of _____. A. older people B. children C. college students D. psychiatric patients

college students

In a factorial design, a main effect is the _____.

effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables

Henry, a teacher, is constructing a test of knowledge of research methods. In doing so, Henry uses the prescribed textbook for his class to devise 100 true-false questions on various aspects of research methods. Without conducting any research, Henry can be most certain of the _____ validity of this test. A. construct B. face C. criterion D. divergent

face

In order to ascertain the main effect of an independent variable, a researcher must use a(n) _____ design.

factorial

Internet research by Strassberg and Holty (2003) compared responses to women's Internet personal ads. The researchers presented participants with an ad focusing on different characteristics such as 1) slim and attractive, 2) sensual and passionate, 3) painting and hiking, or 4) financially independent and ambitious. This is an example of a _____ design.

factorial

The main reason for using a 2 × 2 factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one IV per experiment) is to:

find an interaction between the independent variables.

In a study with a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, it can be inferred that there are:

four variables, each with two levels.

The fabrication of data is known as _____. A. liaison B. fraud C. plagiarism D. assault

fraud

Conceptual replications allow a researcher to: A. replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. B. point out inconsistent findings and areas in which research is lacking. C. have greater confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables if they produce similar results. D. identify trends in the literature and provide directions for future study.

have greater confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables if they produce similar results.

A researcher conducts an experiment in which half of the number of participants read a story designed to reduce prejudice (story group), whereas the other half read material unrelated to prejudice (control group). After reading the material, half of the participants describe a minority group while alone, and the other half describes a minority group in the presence of their peers. The dependent variable is the number of positive statements made about the minority group. The mean number of positive statements in the four conditions was: Picture Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests, these results indicate a(n) _____.

increase in prejudice among participants in the story group

A researcher conducts an experiment in which half of the number of participants read a story designed to reduce prejudice (story group), whereas the other half read material unrelated to prejudice (control group). After reading the material, half of the participants describe a minority group while alone, and the other half describes a minority group in the presence of their peers. The dependent variable is the number of positive statements made about the minority group. The mean number of positive statements in the four conditions was: Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests, these results indicate a(n) _____.

increase in prejudice among participants in the story group

In the context of psychological research, the variable that is considered to be the cause is called the _____ variable. A. operational B. hypothetical C. independent D. mediating

independent

When a researcher presents a graph indicating the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable, the _____ variable should appear on the vertical axis. A. correlation B. independent C. dependent D. confounding

independent

The Smith and Ellsworth (1987) study on eyewitness testimony illustrates a factorial design with different individuals in each of the conditions. This design is best classified as a _____ design.

independent groups

Which of the following is NOT true of a study with only one independent variable?

interactions can be studied

. A researcher interested in establishing that there is a causal relationship between variables is most interested in _____ validity. A. artificial B. linear C. internal D. construct

internal

A study has high _____ validity when strong inferences can be made that one variable caused changes in the other variable. A. inferential B. construct C. internal D. reliable

internal

Split-half reliability is as an indicator of _____. A. curvilinear relationship B. discriminant validity C. internal consistency D. convergent validit

internal consistency

Two researchers observe aggressive behaviors displayed by preschool children. The first researcher records a large number of aggressive acts displayed within a one-hour period. The second researcher also records many aggressive acts during the same period. Since both researchers agree in their observations, it can be inferred that the research has _____ reliability. A. test-retest B. interrater C. item-total D. consistency

interrater

n the context of scales of measurement, the Celsius measure on a household thermometer scale is an example of a(n) _____ scale. A. nominal B. interval C. ordinal D. ratio

interval

In the context of conducting a PsycINFO search, an advantage of using the asterisk (*) is that:

it expands the scope of a search.

A researcher investigated the relationship between length of test and grades in a western civilization course. After randomly assigning students to groups, she found that students who took longer exams received better grades than students who took shorter exams. In this scenario, the independent variable is: A. test grades. B. gender of the students. C. class size. D. length of test.

length of test.

Elaine has read a number of studies on the effect of physical attractiveness on the judgment of an individual's personality characteristics. She then writes a paper in which she categorizes the findings and draws conclusions based on her summaries of the studies. Elaine has most likely conducted a _____. A. categorization analysis B. meta-analysis C. literature review D. meta-categorization

literature review

A factorial design involves:

manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experiment.

. In the context of participation and concealment, concealed observation: A. is preferable from an ethical viewpoint. B. is more reactive than nonconcealed observation. C. may influence and alter the behavior of those being observed. D. may lead to an invasion of privacy of the participants at times.

may lead to an invasion of privacy of the participants at times

A simple main effect analysis examines:

mean differences at each level of the independent variable.

true score and measurement error are two important components of a(n) _____. A. retest B. coefficient C. interval D. measure

measure

In the Milgram obedience experiment, participants were deceived about the hypothesis when they were told that the purpose of the experiment was to study

memory and learning.

An alternative to traditional literature reviews for drawing conclusions about a research area is _____. A. science citation analysis B. critical theory C. meta-analysis D. conceptual replication

meta-analysis

In a _____, the researcher combines the actual results of a number of studies in which the analysis consists of a set of statistical procedures that employ effect sizes to compare a given finding across many different studies. A. combined assignment B. field experiment C. literature review D. meta-analysis

meta-analysis

To examine the effects of drug therapy on depression, Mark located 45 studies using drug therapy with adults diagnosed with depression. Studies that included other additional treatments were excluded. He performed a statistical analysis of the results of these studies and concluded that drug therapy was effective in treating depression. In this case, Mark has conducted a _____. A. literature review B. meta-analysis C. statistical review D. causal analysis

meta-analysis

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

mixed factorial

. According to Rosenthal and Rosnow, when compared to nonvolunteers, volunteers tend to be: A. highly educated. B. of a lower socioeconomic status. C. less in need of approval. D. more unsociable.

more unsociable.

Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students. A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:

movies when the viewer is a male and when the viewer is a female.

When findings are replicated using _____, one's confidence in the generalizability of the findings _____. A. college students; decreases B. statistical interactions; increases C. pretests; decreases D. multiple methods; increases

multiple methods; increases

. A _____ identifies trends in the literature, whereas a(n) _____ allows statistical, quantitative conclusions about the research. A. conceptual replication; narrative literature review B. narrative literature review; meta-analysis C. meta-analysis; exact replication D. meta-analysis; conceptual replication

narrative literature review; meta-analysis

Dr. Liu participates in a police ride-along program in order to examine the day-to-day activities of police officers. This method of gathering information may best be described as a(n) _____. A. experimental analysis B. survey C. naturalistic observation D. archival study

naturalistic observation

The best method to test the hypothesis that male elephants are more socially dominant than female elephants would be a(n) _____. A. archival research B. experimental analysis C. case study D. naturalistic observation

naturalistic observation

Anastasia is interested in studying the parental behaviors displayed by sea turtles. She spends three months scuba diving off the Mexican coast observing and recording the range of behaviors that the sea turtles there display. This research method can be categorized as: A. content analysis. B. naturalistic observation. C. archival research. D. experimental analysis

naturalistic observation.

A researcher conducts an experiment to establish a relationship between a chess player's mental stability and his performance in the game. He finds that the two have a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient value of +1.00. This means the two variables—mental stability and performance—have a _____ relationship.

positive linear

In the context of relationship between variables, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable in a _____ relationship. A. positive linear B. non-linear C. negative linear D. curvilinear

positive linear

A researcher is asked to guide the formulation of public policy on obesity. She conducts a research on the prevalent eating disorders. In this scenario, the idea behind the research originates from _____.

practical problems

In view of the existing tension between the police department and the citizens of Metropolis, the city council conducts a survey among the residents for suggestions on how to improve police-community relations. This example best illustrates _____ as a source of research ideas.

practical problems

The statement "Females are more likely to report greater incidences of sexual harassment than males" is an example of a _____, while the question "Do reported incidences of sexual harassment vary according to gender?" is an example of a(n) _____

prediction; hypothesis

in the context of construct validity of measures, if research finds that candidates who score high on a medical college admissions test do better in medical school than those who score low on this test, it can be inferred that the test has _____ validity. A. concurrent B. convergent C. discriminative D. predictive

predictive

coercion

procedure that limits an individuals freedom to consent (paying too much to influence patients)

7. The goal of naturalistic observation is to: A. test hypotheses formed prior to the study. B. conduct research in experimental rather than real environments. C. get quick answers to theoretical questions. D. provide a complete and accurate picture of what occurred in a setting

provide a complete and accurate picture of what occurred in a setting

Dr. Baumgartner wants to study how a group of 4th graders spends time on different daily activities. He asks the children to indicate the amount of time they spend per day watching television, playing video games, and studying. This type of data gathering technique would be an example of a(n) _____ approach. A. intrinsic B. quantitative C. qualitative D. extrinsic

quantitative

Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female) and their appearance (attractive or unattractive) on judgments of criminal behavior. She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female. She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females. Mary has examined the:

simple main effect of appearance

In analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference in hiring likelihood between young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no difference between young and old applicants when they are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the

simple main effect of gender

While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the:

simple main effect of gender.

The presence of an interaction between the gender and age of participants in a study indicates that: A. the results of the study are accurately interpreted. B. age is a more important variable than gender. C. the results for males cannot be generalized to females. D. there is no relationship between age and gender.

the results for males cannot be generalized to females.

The simplest factorial design is that which has:

two independent variables with two levels each.

In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:

two main effects and an interaction.