Chapter 1-4 Bio 111

Methyl group

-CH3

Amine group

-NH2

Amino-terminal end of proteins

-NH2

Hydroxyl group

-OH

All steroids have

4 rings of carbon to which other atoms are attached

Sucrose is composed of

A fructose and glucose molecule

Cytoplasm

Allows osmotic pressure and is a filler matrix for organelles to float

Polymer of hemoglobin

Amino acid

First person to have seen and acknowledge living and moving cells

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Hydrogen bonds are

Are btw water molecules and creates surface tension

Nucleotides

Are found in DNA and RNA

Molecules consists of

Atoms held together by chemical bonds

Substance that accepts H+

Base

Transmission electron microscope

Best to view internal features of specimen

Result of hydrolysis reaction

Bond breakage of a macromolecule

4

Carbon may form up to how many covalent bonds with other atoms

-COOH

Carboxy-terminal end of proteins

Hierarchal levels of organization of life

Cells, tissue, organs, organisms, ecosystem

The main component of plant cell walls

Cellulose

Precursor for important molecules such as bile salts

Cholesterol

Water extending in tunes from plants roots to leaves is maintained by

Cohesion btw water molecules

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion

Chloroplasts

Convert light energy to chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose or starch

When a cell expands in diameter, the volume increases by ___ and surface are by ___

Cube; Square

When exposed to water NaCl

Dissolves into Na+ and Cl- ions

Prokaryotes are

Either bacteria or archaeans

Characteristic of a polysaccharide

Energy usage

Mitochondria

Extract energy stored in carbs, synthesize ATP, produce water and CO2

Polymer of triglyceride

Fatty acid

Nucleotides contain what kind of sugars

Five-carbon

Basic unit of glycogen

Glucose

Polymer of starch

Glucose

What organelle pinches off portions of its membrane to form a transport vesicle

Golgi body

Biofilms

Groups of bacteria living together in a close knit group

The space btw the two membranes of the mitochondria accumulates

H+

The mitochondrion harnesses the energy of the flow of ____ from its ____ compartment to generate ATP

H+; outer; inner

Polyunsaturated fats

Have fewer hydrogen atoms than do saturated fats

Steroids

Have no fatty acid component

Fatty acid

Hydrophobic component of lipids

The bond btw atoms of table salt are

Ionic bonds

Atoms became what in order to achieve a full outer orbital shell

Ions

Cholesterol

Is the most common steroid in animal tissue

Result of Denatured protein

Loss of three dimensional structure

Which organelle contains powerful enzymes for digesting cellular waste

Lysosome

What is the advantage to a cell being small

Makes then efficient to get things in and out the cell, due to a good surface area to volume ratio

Lipid bilayer

Most common conformation of the membrane of living systems

Isotopes have different number of

Neutrons

Mass of atom equals

Neutrons and Protons

What charge does neutrons have

No charge

May characterize a monosaccarides

One carbonyl group

What components of membranes are the most abundant

Phospholipids

Glucose dissolves in water because it is

Polar and forms many hydrogen bonds with the water molecule

Macromolecules made up of individual subunits

Polymer

May be insoluble and difficult to break down

Polysaccharides

Ribosomes

Primary cellular organelles where proteins are assembled

Golgi bodies

Primary structure package cellular secretions for export from the cell

The cell wall

Provides physical support for plant cells

Sequence of polypeptide transport in the secretory pathway

Ribosome - ER- Golgi bodies-plasma membrane

Main storage carb in plants

Starch

Does not fatty acid tail

Steroids

Carbon dioxide is not organic because

The carbon atom is not bonded to at least one hydrogen atom

Primary structure of proteins

The order of amino acids

Cell

The smallest unit of life that can exist as a separate unity

Cilia and flagellum are most similar in

Their internal composition and structure

Atoms are more likely to form chemical bonds when

They have unfilled orbital shells

Hydrogenation is a chemical process that

Turns liquid oil to solid fat

Nonpolar covalent bonds

What atoms exert the same pull on shared electrons

Emergent

What property is a characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of its component parts

DNA

contains information to build a new cell