Chapter 1 (body structures & functions)
Section
a cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane
Metric System
a decimal system based on the power of 10
Anatomical Position
a human being is standing erect, with face forward, arms at side, and palms forward
Quadrants
a term voted in reference to the abdominal area by dividing it into four areas
Disease
any abnormal change in a structure or function that produces symptoms
Umbilical Region
area located around the naval; the right and left lumber region
Cranial Cavity
area of the body containing the brain
Spinal Cavity
area of the body containing the spinal cord
Pelvic Cavity
area of the body containing the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of large intestine, and appendix
Thoracic Cavity
area of the body divided into two cavities; lies between the lungs and extends from the sternum
Abdominal Cavity
area of the body that contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of large intestine
External/ Superficial
at or near the surface of the skin
Cell
basic unit of structures and function of all living things
Anabolism
building up of complex materials in metabolism from simpler ones such as food and oxygen and requires energy
TIssues
cells grouped according to size, shape, and function ex) epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissues
Orbital Cavity
contains the eye and its external structures
Nasal Cavity
contains the parts that form the nose
Transverse
crosswise; at right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body (division of upper and lower half)
Deep
directional term used to describe damage to an organ within the body (damage to an internal organ such as the stomach)
Sagittal Plane/ Midsagittal Plane
divides the body into left and right parts an imaginary line dividing the body into equal right and left halves
Distal
farthest from the point of origin of a structure; opposite of proximal
Organs
groups of tissues organized according to structure and function
Planes
imaginary dividing lines useful in separating body structure
Oral Cavity/ Buccal Cavity
includes the teeth and tongue
Proximal
located nearest to the center of the body; point of attachment of a structure
Hypogastric
lower region of the abdominal area
Lateral
means "away" or "toward the side of the body"
Posterior/ Dorsal
means "back" or "in back of" ex) shoulder blades
Anterior/ Ventral
means "front" or "in front of" ex) knees
Inferior
means "lower" or "below another" ex) the intestines are inferior to the diaphragm
Caudal
means "tail end" ex) caudal anesthesia is injected in the lower spine
Superior
means "upper" or "above another" ex) the heart & lungs are situated superior to the diaphragm
Cephalic
means the "skull" or the "head end of the body"
Histology
microscopic study of living tissues
Abdominopelvic Cavity
one large cavity below the diaphragm, with no separation between the abdomen and pelvis
Organ System
organs that are grouped together because more than one is needed to perform a function
Dorsal Cavity
posterior cavity of the body that houses the brain and spinal column (cranial and spinal cavity)
Medial
signifies "toward the mid-line or median plane of the body" ex) the nose is medial to the eyes
Homeostasis
state of balance; the ability of the healthy body to regulate the internal environment within narrow limits
Physiology
studies the function of each body part and how the *functions of the various body party coordinate to form a complete living organisms* (anatomy's sister science)
Anatomy
studies the shape and structure of an organism's body and the relationship of one body part to another branches: -gross anatomy -microscopic anatomy -development anatomy -comparative anatomy -systematic anatomy
Neurology
study of physiology and pathology of the nervous system
Dermatology
study of the endocrine or hormonal system
Embryology
study of the formation of an organism from fertilized egg to birth
Endocrinology
study of the physiology and pathology of the hormonal system
Internal
term used to refer body cavities and hollow organs
Catabolism
the breaking down and changing of complex materials with the release of energy (process in metabolism)
Metabolism
the functional activities of cells that result in growth, repair, and the release of energy by the cells
Biology
the study of all forms of life
Cytology
the study of cells
Epigastric
upper region of the abdominal cavity, located below the sternum
Coronal Plane/ Frontal Plane
vertical cut at right angles to the saggital plane; dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions