Chapter 1 (body structures & functions)

Section

a cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane

Metric System

a decimal system based on the power of 10

Anatomical Position

a human being is standing erect, with face forward, arms at side, and palms forward

Quadrants

a term voted in reference to the abdominal area by dividing it into four areas

Disease

any abnormal change in a structure or function that produces symptoms

Umbilical Region

area located around the naval; the right and left lumber region

Cranial Cavity

area of the body containing the brain

Spinal Cavity

area of the body containing the spinal cord

Pelvic Cavity

area of the body containing the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of large intestine, and appendix

Thoracic Cavity

area of the body divided into two cavities; lies between the lungs and extends from the sternum

Abdominal Cavity

area of the body that contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of large intestine

External/ Superficial

at or near the surface of the skin

Cell

basic unit of structures and function of all living things

Anabolism

building up of complex materials in metabolism from simpler ones such as food and oxygen and requires energy

TIssues

cells grouped according to size, shape, and function ex) epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissues

Orbital Cavity

contains the eye and its external structures

Nasal Cavity

contains the parts that form the nose

Transverse

crosswise; at right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body (division of upper and lower half)

Deep

directional term used to describe damage to an organ within the body (damage to an internal organ such as the stomach)

Sagittal Plane/ Midsagittal Plane

divides the body into left and right parts an imaginary line dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Distal

farthest from the point of origin of a structure; opposite of proximal

Organs

groups of tissues organized according to structure and function

Planes

imaginary dividing lines useful in separating body structure

Oral Cavity/ Buccal Cavity

includes the teeth and tongue

Proximal

located nearest to the center of the body; point of attachment of a structure

Hypogastric

lower region of the abdominal area

Lateral

means "away" or "toward the side of the body"

Posterior/ Dorsal

means "back" or "in back of" ex) shoulder blades

Anterior/ Ventral

means "front" or "in front of" ex) knees

Inferior

means "lower" or "below another" ex) the intestines are inferior to the diaphragm

Caudal

means "tail end" ex) caudal anesthesia is injected in the lower spine

Superior

means "upper" or "above another" ex) the heart & lungs are situated superior to the diaphragm

Cephalic

means the "skull" or the "head end of the body"

Histology

microscopic study of living tissues

Abdominopelvic Cavity

one large cavity below the diaphragm, with no separation between the abdomen and pelvis

Organ System

organs that are grouped together because more than one is needed to perform a function

Dorsal Cavity

posterior cavity of the body that houses the brain and spinal column (cranial and spinal cavity)

Medial

signifies "toward the mid-line or median plane of the body" ex) the nose is medial to the eyes

Homeostasis

state of balance; the ability of the healthy body to regulate the internal environment within narrow limits

Physiology

studies the function of each body part and how the *functions of the various body party coordinate to form a complete living organisms* (anatomy's sister science)

Anatomy

studies the shape and structure of an organism's body and the relationship of one body part to another branches: -gross anatomy -microscopic anatomy -development anatomy -comparative anatomy -systematic anatomy

Neurology

study of physiology and pathology of the nervous system

Dermatology

study of the endocrine or hormonal system

Embryology

study of the formation of an organism from fertilized egg to birth

Endocrinology

study of the physiology and pathology of the hormonal system

Internal

term used to refer body cavities and hollow organs

Catabolism

the breaking down and changing of complex materials with the release of energy (process in metabolism)

Metabolism

the functional activities of cells that result in growth, repair, and the release of energy by the cells

Biology

the study of all forms of life

Cytology

the study of cells

Epigastric

upper region of the abdominal cavity, located below the sternum

Coronal Plane/ Frontal Plane

vertical cut at right angles to the saggital plane; dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions