Chapter 1 Reading & Quiz
approximately how many people die each year from infectious disease
10 million
prokaryotic organisms have been around for about how long?
3.5 billion years
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek designed the first microscope to magnify up to
300x
Louis Pasteur
A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer. Proved spontaneous generation was flase
who developed the first single-lens microscope
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Koch demonstrated in 1875 that _______ , _________ is the causative agent of anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
the zoonotic virus that traveled from the Caribbean to Florida in 2014
Chikungunya
which is larger prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic
What did Francisco Redi's experiment show
His experiment showed that flies Do Not arise from rotting meat. It disproved "spontaneous generation". One of the first experiments investigating spontaneous generation, many people were still not convinced
The formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living things was started by who
Linnaeus
Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?
Louis Pasteur
Which physician observed that women who gave birth at home had fewer infections than did mothers who gave birth in hospitals?
Oliver Wendell Holmes
Joseph Lister typically used the disinfectant ______________, prior to performing surgery.
Phenol or Carbolic acid
which early microbiologist was most responsible for developing standard microbiology laboratory techniques?
Robert Koch
Hand washing was promoted by ____ before Lister introduced disinfectant
Semmelweis
Which scientist established a connection between infections in the maternity ward and physicians with unwashed hands coming directly from autopsies?
Semmelweis
Robert Koch was able to propose that
a microorganism is linked to a disease.
a hypothesis can be defined as
a scientific explanation that is subject to testing
When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered
a theory
Which of the following is an explanation of the natural world that has been repeatedly tested and verified using the scientific method?
a theory
What did Pasteur's experiments with swan-flasks demonstrate
abiogenesis did not occur
which photosynthesis single-celled or multicellular microorganisms are often found in aquatic environments
algae
What did Leeuwenhoek call what he saw under the microscope
animalcules
which of the following is not able to replicate on its own archaea, viruses, protozoa, helminths
archaea
Order the following by size (smallest to largest) HIV, Protozoan, rickettsia, protein, worm, coccus-shaped bacterium, spirochete, atom
atom, protein, HIV, rickettsia, coccus-shaped bacterium, spirochete, protozoan, worm
which microbes do not have a true nucleus
bacteria
which of the following microorganisms represents prokaryotic cell types? algae, viruses, bacteria, protists
bacteria
which of the following are prokaryotic? bacteria, archaea, protists
bacteria and archaea
the study of small, single-celled prokaryotic organisms that does not include the Archaea is called
bacteriology
the 2 word naming system of organisms
binomial system of nomenclature
Which of the following is not an emerging infectious disease? avian influenza, Lyme disease, common cold, West Nile fever
common cold
which of the following parts was absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscope? focusing screw, lens, specimen holder, condenser
condenser
Edward Jenner used what to vaccinate for small pox?
cowpox blisters
newly identified diseases that are becoming more prominent are called
emerging diseases
eukaryotic cells are believed to have evolved from prokaryotic cells through the process of
endosymbiosis
An area of microbiology that is concerned with the occurrence of disease in human populations is...
epidemiology
living things change gradually over time through natural selection is the theory of
evolution
Heterotrophic unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms including yeast, molds, and mushrooms, are called
fungi
Microscopic mold and yeasts and macroscopic mushrooms are grouped together as
fungi
which of the following genera of microbes has been linked with gastric ulcers? escherichia, helicobacter, klebsiella, staphylococcus
helicobacter
which group of microorganisms includes the parasitic worms
helminths
an organism in/on which smaller organisms (or viruses) live, feed, and reproduce on
host
The Germ theory of disease
human diseases can come from infections
Chlamydia infections have been linked to what condition for females?
infertility
In the Whittaker system, organisms were divided into one of five ______.
kingdoms
What is spontaneous generation?
living things can arise from nonliving matter
The Italian physician Francesco Redi demonstrated that
maggots cannot spontaneously develop on decaying meat
the field of study of the effect of microorganisms on human beings is
medical microbiology
most bacterial cells are measured in
micrometers
Which of the following is not considered a microorganism? archaeon, bacterium, protozoan, mushroom
mushroom
The 3 main concerns in taxonomy are
naming, classifying, identifying
most viruses are measured in
nanometers
Charles Darwin proposed that the mechanism by which evolution occurs is
natural selection
diseases that occur in the poorest populations, are receive very little attention, are called
neglected tropical diseases
Characteristics of a virus
not cellular, and not allive
what criteria is used to classify organisms in the Whittaker system
nutritional type, cell type, body organization, structure
any small, membrane-bound component found inside an eukaryotic cell is an
organelle
pathogenic protozoa, helminth worms, and certain insects are traditionally studied in the field of
parasitology
the term used for any infectious agent that causes diseases, such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses
pathogen
the study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms, the algae, is known as
phycology
A prominent difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
presence of a nucleus in eukaryotes
Mad cow disease and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease are caused by what microbe
prions
proteinaceous infectious particles are called
prions
which type of microorganisms lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and specialized internal structures to carry out their functions?
prokaryotic
the group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall is the
protozoa
the mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms are
protozoa
monitoring the control and spread of diseases is covered by the fields of (2)
public health, epidemiology
older disease that have been known for a long time, but are now increasing in occurance
re-emerging diseases
which process involves the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic material?
recombinant DNA
Viral particles are usually (larger/smaller) than prokaryotic cells.
smaller
What is the order of taxonomic categories from most specific to general
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
what is abiogenesis
spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter
MRSA is a drug-resistant strain of what bacteria?
staphylococcus aureus
when a strain is resistant to so many antibiotics they are known as
superbugs
a scientist who classifies, names, and identifies microorganism's is known as
taxonomist
the classification, naming, and identification of organisms is called
taxonomy
which event helped establish the science of microbiology
the development of the microscope
the study of viruses is called
virology
what is not cellular and is composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
virus
the common cold and AIDS are caused by what microbe
viruses
what are the most common microbes on earth?
viruses
which microbes have a true nucleus? virus, archaea, yeast, prion, protists
yeast, protists
infectious diseases native to animals that can be transmitted to humans are called
zoonoses