Chapter 11

Ethical principles to follow for credibility and research

-Ethics and source credibility -The ethical use of supporting material

Tips for planning research strategy

-Refine your topic, and then refine it some more -Think of research as a process rather than a step -Use a variety of research -Evaluate sources carefully

Tips for interviewing someone

1. Be honest about purpose 2. Prepare specific questions 3. Be respectful 4. Tell them you are going to take notes 5. Use footnotes in speech to indicate where information came from

Tips for library research

1. Start at center and work way out 2. Understand that not all sources are equal 3. Know your databases 4. Recognize that good research requires reading, thinking, and doing more research

Questions to address to establish source credibility

1. What are your motives? 2. Why are you qualified? 3. What work have you done to ensure that your information is correct? 4. How will the audience benefit from your information? 5. Why did you choose to present information in this way? 6. What are you not telling the audience, and does omitting that information create an unbalanced or biased perspective?

Sleeper Effect

A change of audience opinion caused by the separation of the message content from its source over a period of time

Explanation

A clarification of what something is or how it works

Analogy

A comparison of things in some respects, especially in position or function, that are otherwise dissimilar

Reference Librarian

A librarian specifically trained to help you find sources of information

Search Engine

A program on the internet that allows users to search for information

Two-Sided Argument

A source advocating one position presents an argument from the opposite viewpoint, and then goes on to refute that argument

Which type of source undergoes blind peer review to ensure high-quality information and contains specified studies?

Academic journal articles

Internal References

Brief notations indicating a bibliographic reference that contains the details you are using in your speech

Four most important dimensions of credibility

Competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, and common ground

Bibliographic References

Complete citations that appear in the "references" or "works cited" section of your speech outline

Definitions

Determinations of meaning through description, simplification, examples, analysis, comparison, explanation, or illustration

If a person speaks with vocal variety, moves toward the audience, or uses facial expressions and gestures, he or she is exhibiting which aspect of credibility?

Dynamism

What results in higher credibility?

Effective delivery skills

Ways of turning sources into support

Examples, narratives, surveys, testimonial evidence, numbers and statistics, analogies, explanations, and definitions

Two types of examples?

Factual and hypothetical

Supporting Material

Information you can use to substantiate your arguments and to clarify your position

Why is source credibility important?

It helps the audience understand "why are you telling us about this topic in this manner"

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts used to make decisions- for instance, evaluation sources

Statistics

Numbers that summarize numerical information or compare quantities

Verbal Citations

Oral explanations of who the source is, how recent the information is, and what the source's qualifications are

Examples

Specific instances used to illustrate your point

Celebrity Testimony

Statements made by a public figure who is known to the audience

Lay Testimony

Statements made by an ordinary person that substantiate or support what you say

Expert Testimony

Statements made by someone who has special knowledge or expertise about an issue or idea

Narratives

Stories to illustrate an important point

Surveys

Studies in which a limited number of questions are answered by a sample of the population to discover opinions on issues

Information used to substantiate arguments and clarify a speaker's position is called?

Supporting material

Which type of supporting material includes written or oral statements of others' experiences

Testimonial evidence

Source credibility is based on who's perception?

The audience

Source Credibility

The audience's perception of your effectiveness as a speaker

Competence

The degree to which a speaker is perceived as skilled, reliable, experienced, qualified, authoritative, and informed; an aspect of credibility

Trustworthiness

The degree to which the speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, honorable, friendly, and kind; an aspect of credibility

Common Ground

The degree to which the speaker's values, beliefs, attitudes, and interests are shared with the audience; an aspect of credibility

Dynamism

The extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold, active, energetic, strong, empathic, and assertive; an aspect of credibility

Incremental Plagiarism

The intentional or unintentional use of information from one or more sources without fully divulging how much information is directly quoted

Plagiarism

The intentional use of information from another source without crediting the source

Which aspect of source credibility is the degree to which a speaker is perceived as honest, friendly, and honorable?

Trustworthiness

How can college students establish credibility?

Using personal experiences

Testimonial evidence

Written or oral statements of others' experience used by a speaker to substantiate or clarify a point

Personal Experience

Your own life as a source of information

How should you cite sources of information correctly?

bibliographic and internal references, as well as verbal citations

Using ____ can help you present numbers and statistics more effectively

graphs

Brief notations in your outline that indicate a reference used in your speech are called ____ references, whereas ____ references are complete citations that appear in the references section of the speech outline

internal, bibliographical

When evaluating sources, you should ensure that the supporting material

is verifiable

Three kinds of testimonial evidence that can be used in speeches

lay, expert, and celebrity

Telling narratives can bring issues to life by introducing characters and emotions into your speech, in other words utilizing ____

pathos

Where should you look for information to establish credibility?

personal experience, people resources, written and visual resources from the library, and internet resources

When looking for written and visual resources, one should use a ____

reference librarian

When looking for internet resources, one should use a _____

search engine

The audience;s perception of a speaker's credibility arises from a combination of factors, including...

the speaker, the topic, the situation, and the message

Difficult to establish in a short speech

trustworthiness and goodwill

Dynamism is mainly exhibited by...

voice, movement, facial expressions, and gestures