Chapter 11
Normative social influence
the influence others have on us because we want them to like us
Fundamental attribution theory
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Social loafing
the tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task
Conformity
A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.
Stereotype
A generalization about a groups characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.
Prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
Empathy
A persons feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another. (We feel what the other person is feeling)
Stereotype threat
An individuals fast-acting, self- fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group.
Relational aggression
Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossip or spreading rumors.
Social exchange theory
Conceptualizes social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.
Altruism
Giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefitting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.
Social Cognition
How people select, interpret, remember, and use social information
Attribution theory
Identifies the important dimensions at work in attributions.
Elaboration likelihood model
Identifies two pathways of persuasion: a central route and a peripheral route
Attitudes
Our opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas- how we feel about the world.
Overt aggression
Physically or verbally harming another person directly.
Cognitive Dissonance
Psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.
Aggression
Refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Social expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make their expectations come true.
Milgram's study of obedience
Subjects were deceived into thinking that they were shocking someone. Participants continued shocking other participants while they were screaming to Stop!
mere exposure effect
The more we encounter someone or something the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before.
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
Bystander effect
The tendency of a person to be less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present.
Obedience
behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority
Egoism
helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good without guilt.
Social contagion
imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas
Social facilitation
occurs when an individual's performance improves because of the presence of others
Deindividuation
occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility
Discrimination
refers to a negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.
Microaggressions
refers to everyday, subtle, and potentially unintentional acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups.
Systemic racism
refers to systems, structures, and procedures in a society that disadvantage a racial group and privilege another.
Group think
refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony
Informational social influence
refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right