Chapter 11

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Normative social influence

the influence others have on us because we want them to like us

Fundamental attribution theory

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Social loafing

the tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task

Conformity

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.

Stereotype

A generalization about a groups characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

Prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

Empathy

A persons feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another. (We feel what the other person is feeling)

Stereotype threat

An individuals fast-acting, self- fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group.

Relational aggression

Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossip or spreading rumors.

Social exchange theory

Conceptualizes social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

Altruism

Giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefitting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself.

Social Cognition

How people select, interpret, remember, and use social information

Attribution theory

Identifies the important dimensions at work in attributions.

Elaboration likelihood model

Identifies two pathways of persuasion: a central route and a peripheral route

Attitudes

Our opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas- how we feel about the world.

Overt aggression

Physically or verbally harming another person directly.

Cognitive Dissonance

Psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Aggression

Refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Social expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make their expectations come true.

Milgram's study of obedience

Subjects were deceived into thinking that they were shocking someone. Participants continued shocking other participants while they were screaming to Stop!

mere exposure effect

The more we encounter someone or something the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before.

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Bystander effect

The tendency of a person to be less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present.

Obedience

behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority

Egoism

helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good without guilt.

Social contagion

imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas

Social facilitation

occurs when an individual's performance improves because of the presence of others

Deindividuation

occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility

Discrimination

refers to a negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

Microaggressions

refers to everyday, subtle, and potentially unintentional acts that communicate bias to members of marginalized groups.

Systemic racism

refers to systems, structures, and procedures in a society that disadvantage a racial group and privilege another.

Group think

refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony

Informational social influence

refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right


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