Chapter 11: Stress and Health Psychology review questions 11/22

Background stressors are also known as what?

Daily hassles.

What is an example of a direct physiological effect of stress?

Elevated blood pressure.

Which of the following is true about activities that make men and women happy?

Men and women are generally made happy by the same sorts of activities.

What type of support has been shown to lower stress levels and cope more effectively with stress?

Social support.

What is an example of problem-focused coping?

Starting a study group to improve poor classroom performance.

Type A behavior pattern

a cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven.

Income used to purchase services that allow us more free time produces _______ income spent on objects.

greater happiness than

Identical twins who are separated at birth and raised in different environments will have ________ levels of happiness.

similar

What percent of the US rates themselves as "very happy?"

30%

What is an example of a background stressor?

A traffic jam.

Which of the following lists the correct order of the general adaptation syndrome stages?

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Negatively framed messages are most effective for producing what type of behavior?

Any behavior that will lead to the detection of a disease.

Disasters, such as tornadoes and plane crashes, that occur suddenly are classified as _____________ stressors.

Cataclysmic

The general tendency to deal with stress in a specific way is referred to as which of the following?

Coping style.

What psychological disorder is learned helplessness associated with?

Depression

Psychologist Johan Denollet has found evidence that Type D behavior is linked to coronary heart disease. The "D" in Type D stands for what?

Distressed

Which coping strategy invloves managing emotional responses to stressors rather than dealing with the stressors themselves?

Emotion-focused coping

Which coping strategy involves managing emotional responses to stressors rather than dealing with the stressors?

Emotion-focused coping.

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can include:

Emotional numbing.

At what stage of the general adaptation syndrome do negative consequences occur when coping is inadequate?

Exhaustion

During what stage of GAS does a person's ability to fight decline?

Exhaustion

The stage of Selye's GAS in which physical illness, irritability, and other symptoms may appear is:

Exhaustion

What suggests that the physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress?

General adaptation syndrome.

Which of the following theorists pioneered research on the effects of long-term stress?

Hans Selye

What is the broad field of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems?

Health psychology

What is the field of psychology that studies how people's behavior interacts with stress and heart disease?

Health psychology

What is the most important component of the Type A behavior pattern because this component is most strongly related to coronary heart disease?

Hostility

When considering the relationship between the Type A behavior pattern and coronary heart disease, _______ is the most important characteristic.

Hostility

What is a positively framed message?

It suggests that a change in behavior will lead to a gain and thus emphasize the benefits of carrying out a health-related behavior.

What does e-health communication do?

It uses technology to convey information.

In order for someone to think that something is stressful, they must perceive it as threatening or challenging and must:

Lack the resources to deal with it effectively.

Which statement best describes the level of happiness experienced by people?

Most people are moderately happy most of the time.

For those with a Type D personality, which behaviors put them at risk for repeated heart attacks?

Negative outlook Insecurity Anxiety

What are failing to show up for a doctor's appointment, discontinuing a medication before instructed to do so, and not following a diet examples of?

Noncompliance with medical advice.

Which of the following are obstacles in communication between patients and their physicians?

Patients fail to ask for clear explanations Physicians use baby talk or medical jargon instead of being direct Information provided by the physician is too complicated

What is subjective well-being?

People's sense of their happiness and satisfaction with their lives.

Which are some examples of stressors?

Planning a graduation party Writing a paper Divorce Moving into a new apartment

Positively framed messages are most effective for what types of behaviors?

Preventative behaviors.

What is the term used to describe when individuals use strategies like changes in behavior to reduce stress?

Problem-focused coping.

Coping with stress and trying to find ways to deal with the stressor describes what level of the general adaptation syndrome?

Resistance

Which of the following is/are symptoms of PTSD?

Sleep problems Flashbacks Emotional numbing Drug abuse

When people respond to events that threaten or challenge them, they are experiencing?

Stress

Donisha has been eating more fast food and getting less sleep while she studies for finals. She is engaging in what?

Stress-related harmful behaviors.

When people respond to events that threaten or challenge them, they are experiencing what?

Stress.

What is resilience?

The ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive after profound adversity.

Which of the following stressors would be categorized as a cataclysmic event?

The corona virus pandemic

Psychoneuroimmunology studies what?

The immune system, brain, and psychological factors.

What is psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)?

The study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain.

Set point for happiness:

The term used to establish the tone of one's life. Its a marker that establishes the tone for one's life.

Do gender and race effect happiness?

They don't seem to.

The behavior pattern that shows hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven is known as what?

Type A.

What is creative nonadherence?

When a patient changes his or her treatment because he or she knows better than the doctor.

When does creative nonadherence occur?

When patients think they know more than their physician about how to treat themselves.

What is emotion-focused coping?

When people try to manage their stress by seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive problems.

Who finds less pleasure from being with their parents because such time is more likely to resemble work, such as helping them to cook or pay the bills?

Women

Learned helplessness occurs when:

an individual concludes that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled, thereby causing the individual to give up trying.

Problem-focused coping:

attempts to modify the stressful problem or source of stress. This strategy leads to changes in behavior or to the development of a plan of action to deal with stress.

Type B behavior pattern

characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner.

Health-care providers can increase patient compliance with medical advice by:

giving honest information even when the news is bad.

The stress response to a personal stressor begins with a(n) _______ which then slowly tapers off.

immediate major reaction

Being seriously injured in an accident is not related to a long-term ____________ (increase/decrease) in happiness.

increase

For people to consider an event stressful, they must:

perceive it as a challenge and lack resources to deal effectively with it and perceive it as a threat.

Elevated blood pressure is a ______ response to the presence of a stressor.

physiological

During the ______ phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the individual attempts to find a way to deal with the specific stressor.

resistance

After having a serious injury such as losing a limb or becoming paralyzed, most victims:

return to their prior levels of happiness after a period of time.

The stress response to a personal stressor begins with an immediate major reaction which then:

slowly tapers off

Exhaustion is:

the final stage of the GAS when coping has been inadequate and negative consequences occur.

Alarm is:

the first stage of the GAS when meeting and resisting the stressor is of primary concern.

Resistance is:

the second stage of the GAS; coping with stress and trying to find ways to deal with the stressor